NU1172 Nutrition Exam One Study Guide 1
Module 1 Chapter 2
I. Digestion
A. Movement of food through the digestive tract
1. Muscular
a. Mouth – mastication
b. Esophagus –
(1) Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
(2) Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
c. Stomach
(1) Kneading and churning
d. Small intestine
(1) peristalsis
e. End Products of Digestion
(1) Review Tables 2-2 & 2-3 on page 35
2. Chemical
a. Mouth
(1) Salivary amylase
(2) Saliva
(3) Mucous
b. Stomach
(1) hydrochloric acid
(2) Mucus
(3) Enzymes
c. Small intestine
(1) Enzymes
(2) Mucus
(3) Hormones
(4) Bile
(a) Emulsifies fat
(b) Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
II. Absorption
A. Small intestine
1. Absorbs most of the nutrients
B. Large intestine
1. Primary task is the absorption of water ( 5 – 8 L/day)
2. Mineral absorption
(1) Sodium and other electrolytes
3. Vitamin absorption
(1) Vitamin K and biotin
4. Waste elimination
C. Lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose
1. Intolerance varies by individual
2. Stems from a deficiency of the enzyme lactase
3. Not the same as a milk allergy
D. Prebiotics
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, NU1172 Nutrition Exam One Study Guide 2
1. Undigested carbohydrates that pass into the colon and ferment
2. Stimulate the growth and activity of healthy bacteria
a. Increased immune function
b. Mineral absorption
c. Relieves constipation
d. Colon Cancer – may help destroy cancer cells and toxic enzymes
E. Probiotics
1. Live microorganisms
a. In correct amounts may result in health benefits.
2. Lactic – acid most common
3. Clinical applications
a. Diarrhea
b. Inflammatory bowel disease
c. Inhibition of H. Pylori
d. Lactose intolerance
III. Metabolism
A. Carbohydrates
1. Primary & preferred energy source
a. Glucose
(1) Metabolized by liver
(2) Hormonal control
(a) Insulin – only hormone that can lower blood glucose
(b) Glucagon – one of the hormones that can elevate blood glucose
(c) Steroids, epinephrine, thyroxine, somatostatin and growth hormone
can also elevate blood glucose.
B. Lipids
1. Interrelated with glucose re: involve the same hormones
2. Absorbed from small intestine and metabolized in liver (page 44)
C. Protein
1. Balance between anabolism and catabolism
IV. Accessory Organs of Digestion
A. Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
Chapter 3
I. Carbohydrates (CH2O) - Bodies preferred source of energy
A. Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
B. Recommended Daily Allowance is a minimum of 130g/day
C. Classification of carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
a. Glucose is the form in which carbohydrates circulate in the blood
2. Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
3. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
1. Should be the major energy source
This study source was downloaded by 100000849580189 from CourseHero.com on 07-10-2023 05:10:49 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/32410826/NU1172-Exam-1-Study-Guide-2018docx/
Module 1 Chapter 2
I. Digestion
A. Movement of food through the digestive tract
1. Muscular
a. Mouth – mastication
b. Esophagus –
(1) Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
(2) Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
c. Stomach
(1) Kneading and churning
d. Small intestine
(1) peristalsis
e. End Products of Digestion
(1) Review Tables 2-2 & 2-3 on page 35
2. Chemical
a. Mouth
(1) Salivary amylase
(2) Saliva
(3) Mucous
b. Stomach
(1) hydrochloric acid
(2) Mucus
(3) Enzymes
c. Small intestine
(1) Enzymes
(2) Mucus
(3) Hormones
(4) Bile
(a) Emulsifies fat
(b) Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
II. Absorption
A. Small intestine
1. Absorbs most of the nutrients
B. Large intestine
1. Primary task is the absorption of water ( 5 – 8 L/day)
2. Mineral absorption
(1) Sodium and other electrolytes
3. Vitamin absorption
(1) Vitamin K and biotin
4. Waste elimination
C. Lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose
1. Intolerance varies by individual
2. Stems from a deficiency of the enzyme lactase
3. Not the same as a milk allergy
D. Prebiotics
This study source was downloaded by 100000849580189 from CourseHero.com on 07-10-2023 05:10:49 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/32410826/NU1172-Exam-1-Study-Guide-2018docx/
, NU1172 Nutrition Exam One Study Guide 2
1. Undigested carbohydrates that pass into the colon and ferment
2. Stimulate the growth and activity of healthy bacteria
a. Increased immune function
b. Mineral absorption
c. Relieves constipation
d. Colon Cancer – may help destroy cancer cells and toxic enzymes
E. Probiotics
1. Live microorganisms
a. In correct amounts may result in health benefits.
2. Lactic – acid most common
3. Clinical applications
a. Diarrhea
b. Inflammatory bowel disease
c. Inhibition of H. Pylori
d. Lactose intolerance
III. Metabolism
A. Carbohydrates
1. Primary & preferred energy source
a. Glucose
(1) Metabolized by liver
(2) Hormonal control
(a) Insulin – only hormone that can lower blood glucose
(b) Glucagon – one of the hormones that can elevate blood glucose
(c) Steroids, epinephrine, thyroxine, somatostatin and growth hormone
can also elevate blood glucose.
B. Lipids
1. Interrelated with glucose re: involve the same hormones
2. Absorbed from small intestine and metabolized in liver (page 44)
C. Protein
1. Balance between anabolism and catabolism
IV. Accessory Organs of Digestion
A. Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
Chapter 3
I. Carbohydrates (CH2O) - Bodies preferred source of energy
A. Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
B. Recommended Daily Allowance is a minimum of 130g/day
C. Classification of carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
a. Glucose is the form in which carbohydrates circulate in the blood
2. Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
3. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
1. Should be the major energy source
This study source was downloaded by 100000849580189 from CourseHero.com on 07-10-2023 05:10:49 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/32410826/NU1172-Exam-1-Study-Guide-2018docx/
