Patho Exam 1 (Maryville University - NURS611) (2022/2023) Graded A+

Patho Exam 1 (Maryville University - NURS611) (2022/2023) Graded A+ Nucleus Contains the nucleolus, a small, dense structure composed largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA-binding proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity. Therefore, the histones binding to DNA cause DNA to fold into chromosomes. The wrapping of DNA into tight packages of chromosomes is essential for cell division in eukaryotes. Ribosomes RNA-protein complexes that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. These tiny ribosomes may float free in the cytoplasm or attach themselves to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. THEIR CHEIF FUNCTION IS TO PROVIDE SITES FOR CELLULAR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Golgi Complex a network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell. Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles, the Golgi complex is a refining plant and directs traffic (i.e. protein, polynucleotides, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell. Lysosomes Maintain cellular health through: -efficient removal of toxic cellular components -removal of useless organelles -termination of signal transduction -signals cellular adaptation Mitochondria organelles found in large numbers in most cells and responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. The inner membrane contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain and these enzymes are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cells ATP. Apoptosis Programmed cell death. Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations. Necrosis Characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane, organelle swelling and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially in kidneys and heart) Physiologic Atrophy -occurs with early development -example: the thymus gland undergoes physiologic atrophy during childhood Pathologic Atrophy occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation Hypertrophy increase in cell size Physiologic Hypertrophy hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to endurance training Pathologic Hypertrophy hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to HTN Hyperplasia increase in number of cells Compensatory Hyperplasia liver regenerates in 2 weeks after 70% is removed Pathologic Hyperplasia endometrial hyperplasia Metaplasia Replacement of cells