Pathophysiology Exam 1-NR 283 (2022/2023) Already Passed

Pathophysiology Exam 1-NR 283 (2022/2023) Already Passed Health Physical, Mental, and social well-being Disease Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis Pathophysiology - Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease - Cause and effect relationships, defined by signs and symptoms, guide the study of a specific disease Atrophy - Decrease in the size of the cells - Results in reduced tissue mass - Common causes: reduced use of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decrease neurological or hormonal stimulation, and agin Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size - results in enlarged tissue mass - Common causes: additional work by the tissue, excessive hormonal stimulation Hyperplasia - Increase in cell size - Results in enlarged tissue mass - Common causes: compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand, or pathologic when there is a hormonal imbalance Metaplasia - Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type - adaptive mechanism that provide more resistance tissue Dysplasia - Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue - Chronic irritation infection, or may be a precancerous change (Cervix) Anaplasia - Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures - Characteristic of cancer Neoplasia "New growth" Apoptosis - Normal, refers to programmed cell death Causes of Cell Damage - Ischemia (most common): decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ due to circulation obstruction -Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissues Physical Damage to Cells Damage Excessive heat or cold; Radiation exposure Mechanical Damage to Cells Damage Pressure or tearing of tissue Chemical Toxins to Cell Damage -Exogenous: from the environment -Endogenous: from inside the body What are common causes of cell damage? -Microorganisms -Abnormal metabolites -Nutritional deficits -Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes Stages of Cell Damage -Reversible: alteration of metabolic reaction, temporary loss of function -Irreversible: cell dies What are the major components of the body in water compartm