HIEU 322 Midterm Study Guide 2023

8th; Tiber - General Observations on the Ancient Romans: 1. Rome was founded in the ____ century B.C. along the _______ River in central Italy. Common Law; separation; art; toleration; oppression - General Observations on the Ancient Romans: The Romans made many unique contributions to the Western world including English ________ __________ via the Norman invasion of 1066, U.S. law, ___________ and division of powers, Folk traditions, _____, architecture, literature, Religious ________, and Religious _____________ cosmopolitan; pragmatic - General Observations on the Ancient Romans: They were __________ and ___________- borrowing heavily from their neighbors. Greek - General Observations on the Ancient Romans: They were heavily influenced by _________ culture. mixed - General Observations on the Ancient Romans: They were a _________ people (like the United States today). family; honor; community - General Observations on the Ancient Romans: They were a conservative people who emphasized _________, ___________, and _____________. republicanism; Etruscans - General Observations on the Ancient Romans: They valued ______________. After years of domination by a group of people known as the _________, the Romans rolled back their masters and established in a republic at the end of the 6th century B.C. 3rd; dominating - General Observations on the Ancient Romans: They did not begin to systematically write their history until the end of the ______ century B.C.- nearly 500 years after the founding of Rome, and at a time when Rome had already become the ______________ force in Mediterranean affairs. Annals - Roman Histories: 1. _______: simple records (or chronicles) of events usually arranged in chronological sequence. The first Roman writers to attempt to reconstruct Rome's past were called Annalists. legends; oral - Sources for Early Roman Annalists: 1. A host of _________ and __________ traditions of both native and Greek origin. Family; noble - Sources for Early Roman Annalists: 2. _______ records of ________ houses. treaties; laws - Sources for Early Roman Annalists: 3. Existing documents, such as ___________ and _______. colleges; pontifex maximus - Sources for Early Roman Annalists: 4. The archives of the priestly ___________—specifically the annals of the __________ ____________ (which listed the names of the magistrates and noted memorable events that happened). embellishment; fiction; gaps - Problems with Annals: 1. Most of the material contained a basic core of historical fact, much ________________, and much pure __________—the early annalists felt no restraint about inventing material to fill out _______ in their information. project; economic; military; dimmer - Problems with Annals: 2. A common practice was to _____________ contemporary social, __________, political, and __________ events onto _________ periods of the past. senatorial; their class - Problems with Annals: 3. Most annalists—all the way down to the 1st century B.C.-- were men of affairs who belonged to the ____________, ruling order of the Republic. Thus they cast history within the framework of the social and political perspectives of ______ _____. History; Herodotus; inquiry - Roman Histories: 2. _________: It was in the 5th century B.C. that the Greeks (with __________) developed the notion of "historia" (or history) as an "______" into the past. The Romans employed history by the 3rd century B.C. Polybius; Histories - Roman Historians: 1. _______: Born around 200 B.C. Was a Greek hostage taken to Rome in 167 B.C. His great work was his _________, written in 40 books and covering the years 220-146 B.C.- the years of Rome's wars with Carthage. scientific; Thucydides; pragmatic - Importance of Polybius: 1. He provided Rome with its first ________ history in the tradition of Herodotus & __________. He called his effort a "_________ history" intended to be politically useful. causes; connections - Importance of Polybius: 2. He believed a mere factual narrative was not sufficient, and that the historian should instead evaluate ____________ and ____________ too provide a truly useful explanation of how and why events occurred. Hellenistic; criticized - Importance of Polybius: 3. He rejected the _________________ attitude toward history writing as entertainment, and he often _________ by name historians whose books included mythical genealogies, tragic drama, or emotional scenes. professional; experience; well-prepared - Importance of Polybius: 4. He was instrumental in the creation of history-writing as a _________ calling by setting high standards of analysis of sources, geographical and political knowledge, and practical