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Primary motor innveration to the larynx and velum is provided by which cranial nerve? Cranial nerve X (Vagus) Fela is a third-grade student in a public school. She is a speaker of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) who has difficulty with the Standard American English (SAE) dialect used in her classroom. Her teacher believes that Fela's language skills are affecting her academic performance and has referred her to the school's speech-language pathologist. Which of the following is an appropriate rationale for providing language intervention for Fela? Select all that apply. A.It will likely foster better communication with Fela's linguistically and culturally diverse peers. B.It will likely improve Fela's code-switching ability with her teacher and other adult speakers of SAE. C.It may expand Fela's later academic and vocational opportunities. D.It will likely lead Fela to adopt SAE as her primary dialect. A, B, C This investigation was motivated by observations that when persons with dysarthria increase loudness, their speech improves. Some studies have indicated that this improvement may be related to an increase of prosodic variation. Studies have reported an increase of fundamental frequency (F0) variation with increased loudness, but there has been no examination of the relation of loudness manipulation to specific prosodic variables that are known to aid a listener in parsing out meaningful information. This study examined the relation of vocal loudness production to selected acoustic variables known to inform listeners of phrase and sentence boundaries: specifically, F0 declination and final-word lengthening. Ten young, healthy women were audio-recorded while they read aloud a paragraph at what each considered normal loudness, twice-normal loudness, and half-normal loudness. Results showed that there was a statistically significant increase of F0 declination, brought about by a higher resetting of F0 at the beginning of a sentence and an increase of final-word lengthening from the half-normal loudness condition to the twice-normal loudness condition. These results suggest that when some persons with dysarthria increase loudness, variables related to prosody may change, which in turn contributes to improvement in communicative effectiveness. However, until this procedure is tested with individuals who have dysarthria, it is uncertain whether a similar effect would be observed. Which of the following represent(s) the independent variable or variables used in the Watson and Hughes study? A. Prosody of dysarthric speech B. F0 declination and final-word lengthening C. Vocal loudness D. Speech intelligibility and communicative effectiveness C. Vocal loudness A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasciculation's of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of damage to which part of the nervous system? A. Brain stem B. Cerebellum C. Left cerebral cortex D. Right cerebral cortex A. Brain stem - Weakness, atrophy, fasciculation's, and the other described symptoms are all consistent with lower motor neurone locus and suspected cranial nerve abnormalities, which emerge directly from the brainstem. Hearing loss in infants who are born with a cleft palate is usually related to which of the following? A. The infant's ability to create positive pressure in the oral cavity B. Malformation of the middle-ear ossicles associated with malformation of the palate C. Eustachian tube dysfunction D. Cochlear dysfunction C. Eustachian tube dysfunction - Eustachian tube dysfunction, a major factor contributing to middle-ear disease and conductive hearing loss, is nearly universal in infants with cleft palate Which of the following is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in cap versus cab? A. Locus frequency of burst B. Voice onset time C. Vocal fundamental frequency D. Duration of the preceding vowel D. Duration of the preceding vowel - vowel duration influences a listener's perception of voicing - vowels that precede unreleased voiced stop consonants are as much as 1.5x as long as vowels that precede voiceless stops