Pathophysiology Final Exam Latest 2023

What is allergic asthma associated with? - Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated What are the S&S of ARDS? - SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - Pressure that builds up and pushes the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung What is cystic fibrosis? - Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive) Changes with an asthma attack: - Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid breathing) How do you interpret ABG's? - 1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high) 2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis) 3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis) 4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH) 5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal) Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - Elevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - Depression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - Depression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - Elevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) What are signs of renal cancer? - No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) How do you manage end stage renal disease? - Dialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic) What do you call kidney pain? - Nephralgia What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - Creatinine What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - E. coli What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - Hypovolemia - Give Fluids What causes acute intrarenal failure? - Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia What do we see associated with SIADH? - Fluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs, Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted) What causes myxedema coma? - Hypothyroidism What is the main underlying condition for Type I and Type II Diabetes? - Impaired Glucose Transport What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - Type I - Complete lack of insulin (Hyperglycemia) Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells What would we see with hypoparathyroidism? - Decrease of Calcium (softer bones), Positive Chvostek's Sign, Tetany/Hyperactivity of Muscles/Tremors What is the therapy for Type I Diabetes? - Give Insulin What is the therapy for Type II Diabetes? - Diet, Exercise, Oral Antihyperglycemic Medicine (sensitizes cells to take up insulin) What are some complications of Diabetes? - Paresthesia, Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - Gluten Intolerance Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - Increased Ammonia Levels How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - Acts of H2 receptors - Coats the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - Chron's Disease Ulcerative Colitis Chron's Disease - Hardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed. Ulcerative Colitis - Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!)