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groups of people most vulnerable to foodborne diseases - senior citizens, pregnant women, preschool age children, people who suffer from weakened immune systems 4 types of contamination - biological, chemical, physical, cross contamination types of chemical contamination - cleaners, sanitizers, polishes types of biological contamination - harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites types of physical contamination - metal shavings, staples, bandages, glass, dirt, natural objects such as bones danger zone - 41º-135º bacteria will multiply in great numbers max time food can be in danger zone - four hours conditions for bacteria growth (FAT TOM) - Food (TCS foods especially, Acidity (little to no acidity), Temperature (grows most rapidly between 41 and 135) growth limited when held above or below, Time (more time in danger zone, greater change of growing to unsafe levels), Oxygen (some need, some don't), Moisture (food with high levels of moisture, aw=water activity; the amount of moisture available in food for bacterial growth, scales from 0.0-1.0, water has 1.0) TCS food - milk and dairy products, meat (beef, pork, lamb), fish, baked potatoes, tofu or other soy protein, synthetic ingredients (textured soy protein in meat alternatives), sliced melons, cut tomatoes, cut leafy greens, shell eggs (except when treated to eliminate salmonella), poultry, shellfish and crustaceans, heat treated plant food (beans, rice, vegetables), sprouts and sprout seeds, untreated garlic and oil mixtures bacteria produced toxins - toxins that are produced by bacteria cannot be killed by heat or cold