trends of energy consumption
LICs
low energy consumption per person, rural people rely on biomass, firewood and charcoal urban people may have
some access to electricity. Access to consumption data is difficult, though. Worldwide, 1bn people lack access to
electricity.
Mali context: West African LIC ($880 GNI/capita/year), population of 22 million
Mali – 35.1% of the population had access to electricity (2016), of which 83.6% were from urban areas.
Energy mix: 68% fossil fuels / 20% HEP
MICs
Growing energy consumption per person as incomes rise, switch from biogas and biomass to electricity.
China context: MIC, $10,410 GNI per capita, 1.4bn population
Energy mix (2016): 64% coal, 19% oil, 8% hydro, 6% natural gas, 2% renewables, 1% nuclear
Reasons: renewables are expensive, China is naturally endowed in coal, large energy demand (population), car
ownership, construction/industrialisation, mechanised agriculture, heating and air conditioning, travel
China accounts for about half the coal the world consumers each year – coal share of China’s energy mix has
fallen by 10% over the last decade
HICs
Generally high energy consumption, this may be falling as environmental awareness and technological
efficiency rises.
Norway – overall energy consumption has risen
Still trying to exploit north sea oil reserves (adds to
sovereign wealth fund) but wants to be net zero by
2050
2010 - Hydropower 40%,oil 33.5%, gas 20%, biomass and
waste 5%
UK – overall energy consumption has fluctuated,
decreasing since 2000s
2012 – gas 40%, oil 32.5%, coal 15%, nuclear 9%, renewables 4%
Niger delta, Environmental impacts of energy production
Niger Delta, Southern coast of Nigeria. Home to 35 million people, a delta off the Niger river. Nigeria produces 2
million barrels of oil a day.
Causes: legal and illegal oil extraction. Gas flaring – burning of natural gas. Oil thieving (pipeline tapping), oil
spills (40 litres of oil spilled per year)
Environmental impacts: one of the most polluted areas on earth, decline in fish stocks, habitat loss, crop yields
fall, black rainwater. (air, water, land pollution), EH greenhouse effect
Other impacts: at least $1bn needed to mend damage in the district of Ogoni alone, villagers miss quiet nights,
rise in crime huge shock when covid hit global oil industry
56% of Nigerians have access to domestic electricity proving resource endowment alone does not guarantee
economic success
, Types of aid: examples
13.2 Interna,onal debt and interna,onal aid
Different types of interna,onal aid and aid donors: relief aid, development aid, ,ed aid, bilateral aid and
mul,lateral aid.
Relief aid
Hai$ earthquake 2010
• Foreign aid has done li7le to help Hai$
• For every $100 of Hai$ re construc$on contracts awarded by the American government,
$98.40 went back to American countries
• Around $10 billion in aid aGer the earthquake – yet li7le to no increase in living standards
• Where has the money gone? - Corrup$on / poor poli$cal accountability means aid can be
given to the Hai$an government
Turkey-Syria earthquake 2023
• Red cross Turkey-Syria earthquake appeal (7.8 magnitude 6th feb 2023 Southern Turkey)
• Search and rescue
• First aid essen$als
• Food / water / shelter
• 9000 volunteers
• Immediate £25,000 released from disaster fund
Development / multilateral aid
United Na$ons – Official Development Assistance (ODA)
• Improve economic development and welfare of LEDCs
• Official development assistance (ODA) totalled USD 185.9 billion in 2021
• Recipient countries include all the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as defined by the United
Na$ons (UN).
Tied aid
China and Nicaragua: rela$ons restored in 2021
• China promised economic investment / new football stadium / aid / 1M covid vaccine doses
• Nicaragua to join the belt and road ini$a$ve
• Delivered an unknown amount of defence material/equipment to the Nicaraguan police
(strengthening Ortega’s dictatorship)
• Bilateral free trade agreement agreed by the two countries
• Nicaragua has cut diploma$c $es with Taiwan and cri$cised Biden/ the US
Bilateral aid
UK aid budget
• UK spends 0.5% of na$onal income on aid (down from 0.7% in 2021)
• Spent in the Indo-pacific, Africa and humanitarian crises
• Yemen received £114m (2020)
• Syria received £91m
• In 2020, 52% of country specific or region-specific bilateral aid was spent in Africa
Factors affecting trade
13.1 Trade flows and trading paAerns
LICs
low energy consumption per person, rural people rely on biomass, firewood and charcoal urban people may have
some access to electricity. Access to consumption data is difficult, though. Worldwide, 1bn people lack access to
electricity.
Mali context: West African LIC ($880 GNI/capita/year), population of 22 million
Mali – 35.1% of the population had access to electricity (2016), of which 83.6% were from urban areas.
Energy mix: 68% fossil fuels / 20% HEP
MICs
Growing energy consumption per person as incomes rise, switch from biogas and biomass to electricity.
China context: MIC, $10,410 GNI per capita, 1.4bn population
Energy mix (2016): 64% coal, 19% oil, 8% hydro, 6% natural gas, 2% renewables, 1% nuclear
Reasons: renewables are expensive, China is naturally endowed in coal, large energy demand (population), car
ownership, construction/industrialisation, mechanised agriculture, heating and air conditioning, travel
China accounts for about half the coal the world consumers each year – coal share of China’s energy mix has
fallen by 10% over the last decade
HICs
Generally high energy consumption, this may be falling as environmental awareness and technological
efficiency rises.
Norway – overall energy consumption has risen
Still trying to exploit north sea oil reserves (adds to
sovereign wealth fund) but wants to be net zero by
2050
2010 - Hydropower 40%,oil 33.5%, gas 20%, biomass and
waste 5%
UK – overall energy consumption has fluctuated,
decreasing since 2000s
2012 – gas 40%, oil 32.5%, coal 15%, nuclear 9%, renewables 4%
Niger delta, Environmental impacts of energy production
Niger Delta, Southern coast of Nigeria. Home to 35 million people, a delta off the Niger river. Nigeria produces 2
million barrels of oil a day.
Causes: legal and illegal oil extraction. Gas flaring – burning of natural gas. Oil thieving (pipeline tapping), oil
spills (40 litres of oil spilled per year)
Environmental impacts: one of the most polluted areas on earth, decline in fish stocks, habitat loss, crop yields
fall, black rainwater. (air, water, land pollution), EH greenhouse effect
Other impacts: at least $1bn needed to mend damage in the district of Ogoni alone, villagers miss quiet nights,
rise in crime huge shock when covid hit global oil industry
56% of Nigerians have access to domestic electricity proving resource endowment alone does not guarantee
economic success
, Types of aid: examples
13.2 Interna,onal debt and interna,onal aid
Different types of interna,onal aid and aid donors: relief aid, development aid, ,ed aid, bilateral aid and
mul,lateral aid.
Relief aid
Hai$ earthquake 2010
• Foreign aid has done li7le to help Hai$
• For every $100 of Hai$ re construc$on contracts awarded by the American government,
$98.40 went back to American countries
• Around $10 billion in aid aGer the earthquake – yet li7le to no increase in living standards
• Where has the money gone? - Corrup$on / poor poli$cal accountability means aid can be
given to the Hai$an government
Turkey-Syria earthquake 2023
• Red cross Turkey-Syria earthquake appeal (7.8 magnitude 6th feb 2023 Southern Turkey)
• Search and rescue
• First aid essen$als
• Food / water / shelter
• 9000 volunteers
• Immediate £25,000 released from disaster fund
Development / multilateral aid
United Na$ons – Official Development Assistance (ODA)
• Improve economic development and welfare of LEDCs
• Official development assistance (ODA) totalled USD 185.9 billion in 2021
• Recipient countries include all the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as defined by the United
Na$ons (UN).
Tied aid
China and Nicaragua: rela$ons restored in 2021
• China promised economic investment / new football stadium / aid / 1M covid vaccine doses
• Nicaragua to join the belt and road ini$a$ve
• Delivered an unknown amount of defence material/equipment to the Nicaraguan police
(strengthening Ortega’s dictatorship)
• Bilateral free trade agreement agreed by the two countries
• Nicaragua has cut diploma$c $es with Taiwan and cri$cised Biden/ the US
Bilateral aid
UK aid budget
• UK spends 0.5% of na$onal income on aid (down from 0.7% in 2021)
• Spent in the Indo-pacific, Africa and humanitarian crises
• Yemen received £114m (2020)
• Syria received £91m
• In 2020, 52% of country specific or region-specific bilateral aid was spent in Africa
Factors affecting trade
13.1 Trade flows and trading paAerns
