Engels - Grammar
Table of Contents
Modal verbs: perfect form.....................................................................................................................2
Referencing............................................................................................................................................2
Passive voice..........................................................................................................................................2
“The”.....................................................................................................................................................3
Reported speech....................................................................................................................................3
The conditional clause...........................................................................................................................4
Relative clauses......................................................................................................................................4
Relative pronouns..................................................................................................................................5
“It”, “this” or “that”?.............................................................................................................................5
Expressing results..................................................................................................................................5
Gerund...................................................................................................................................................5
Overview of some linking words............................................................................................................6
1
, Modal verbs: perfect form
Should have or Ought have + past participle
To criticize people for past mistake
Could have + past participle
To say that something was possible, but didn’t happen
May have or Might have or Could have + past participle
To say that perhaps something happened in the past
Referencing
He, she, they, …
Refer to people
They, them
Refer to people in the singular when talking in general about males and females, or it is
unspecified
This, that, it
Refer to things last mentioned
That
Refer to a reason
One
Refer to singular countable nouns from a group
Ones
Refer to plural nouns
Each other
To show that each person in a group does something to the others
Passive voice
John wrote the book. ⇒ The book was written by John.
We use the passive when …
We want to emphasise what happened to something, not who did it
The agent is not important, we don’t want to mention who did it, or we don’t know who
did it
We want to use a more formal style
2
Table of Contents
Modal verbs: perfect form.....................................................................................................................2
Referencing............................................................................................................................................2
Passive voice..........................................................................................................................................2
“The”.....................................................................................................................................................3
Reported speech....................................................................................................................................3
The conditional clause...........................................................................................................................4
Relative clauses......................................................................................................................................4
Relative pronouns..................................................................................................................................5
“It”, “this” or “that”?.............................................................................................................................5
Expressing results..................................................................................................................................5
Gerund...................................................................................................................................................5
Overview of some linking words............................................................................................................6
1
, Modal verbs: perfect form
Should have or Ought have + past participle
To criticize people for past mistake
Could have + past participle
To say that something was possible, but didn’t happen
May have or Might have or Could have + past participle
To say that perhaps something happened in the past
Referencing
He, she, they, …
Refer to people
They, them
Refer to people in the singular when talking in general about males and females, or it is
unspecified
This, that, it
Refer to things last mentioned
That
Refer to a reason
One
Refer to singular countable nouns from a group
Ones
Refer to plural nouns
Each other
To show that each person in a group does something to the others
Passive voice
John wrote the book. ⇒ The book was written by John.
We use the passive when …
We want to emphasise what happened to something, not who did it
The agent is not important, we don’t want to mention who did it, or we don’t know who
did it
We want to use a more formal style
2
