DAANCE module 2 exam with complete solutions

Ischemia causes it? 2. What does it result in? - 1. Build up of fatty plaque within the coronary arteries. 2. Acute coronary syndrome. Repolarization of the ventricles shows up at what on an ECG? - T wave Which three essential characteristics should be identified when assessing abnormal rhythms? - Rate, rhythm, and regularity. Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel; (usually a vein.) - thrombosis Prophylaxis recommendations are for pt.s at the highest risk of endocarditis due to what three factors? (4) - 1. A prosthetic heart valve or pt.s who have had a heart valve repaired with prosthetic material 2. A HX of endocarditis 3. A heart transplant with abnormal valve function 4. Certain congenital defects Endocarditis - inflammation of the inner lining of the heart Hypertension What is it? Symptoms? - abnormally high blood pressure (higher than 120/80). Frequent dizziness, nosebleeds, / headaches Major complications of hypertension - Stroke, coronary artery disease, and renal failure congestive heart failure (CHF) 1. What is it? cteristics? - 1.A clinical syndrome due to heart disease. Caused by the hearts inability to handle blood volume coming back from either the lungs or peripheral circulation. hlessness and abnormal water and sodium retention resulting in edema. Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat - Arrythmia disturbance of a cardiac rhythm - Dysrhythmia Ventricular Rhythms - Cardiac dysrhythmia in which the pacemaker is in the ventricles rather than in the SA node or atria. More likely to lead to arrest rhythms. PR interval 1. How long is it on an EKG strip? 2. What heart function does it represent? 3. What does it measure? - 1. Less than one block (200 milliseconds or 0.2 seconds.) 2. The delay between the SA and AV node 3. AV conduction time. Normal is 0.12-0.2 seconds (3-5 small boxes.) paroxysmal - beginning suddenly or abruptly P wave - depolarization (contraction) of the atria QRS complex 1. What does is represent? 2. How big is it on an EKG strip? - 1. depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles. 2. Width of less than 1/2 of one large block. (Approximately 100 milliseconds or 0.1 second.) What does smoking predispose Pt.s to? - Laryngospasms and bronchospasms Heart and lung disease Mallampati classification - A visual analysis of the oral/pharyngeal anatomy Class 1. Visualization of the soft palate, fauces, uvula, anterior and posterior pillars Class 2. Visualization of the soft palate, fauces, and uvula Class 3. Visualization of the soft palate, and base of uvula. Class4. Soft palate not visible at all. Upper respiratory infection (URI) - infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi, making the pt. A poor candidate for out-patient sedation or GA. SX should not be performed until cough has been absent for 2-3 weeks Cute bronchitis and pnemonia What is it? Symptoms? - In these conditions there is inflammation and heavy secretions involving the lower respiratory tract. Symptoms: fever, cough, dyspnea, chest discomfort and sweats. Pt.s should be cleared for SX with anesthesia. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - Any disorder marked by persistent obstruction of bronchial airflow. Two components: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma - chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Agents used for TX corticosteroid aerosols Other drugs that inhibit inflammation Short/long acting beta 2 agonists Emphysema - Enlargement of the alveolar sacs in the lungs and destruction or scarring of the alveoli; resulting in less surface area available for gas exchange. Chronic bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time. The secretions and hyperactive airways can precipitate laryngospasms and bronchospasms. Pt.s are often referred to as "blue bloaters." Dyspnea - difficult or labored breathing Pt.s are often referred to as "pink puffers". Dyspnea is a predominant presenting symptom of emphysema diabetes mellitus (pancreas) - A chronic disorder characterized by impaired metabolism of glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels, (hyperglycemia). insulin and glucagon What is it? What is it produced by? - A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics. Islets of langerhans in the pancreas., type 1 diabetes mellitus 1. What is it? 2. What causes it? 3. Signs and symptoms? - -body cannot produce insulin (beta cells in the islets of langerhans have been destroyed.) -pt.s have to take insulin -either genetic or autoimmune -pt.s present as: thin, usually young, and onset is sudden. Ketones ARE present in urine.