Genetic Engineering

genetic engineering genome vector plasmid DNA sequencing moving a gene from one organism's genome to the genome of an organism that did not initially have it a full set of an organism's DNA an agent that carries DNA into another cell; could be a virus or a plasmid a small, circular strand of DNA in a bacterium identifying the "sequence" of bases in a gene DNA fingerprinting using DNA to identify an individual genetically modified or- ganism (GMO) transgenic an organism whose genet- ic material has been al- tered through some ge- netic engineering technol- ogy/technique an organism that contains DNA from other organ- isms the use of genetic en- gineering to change the genes within an individ- gene therapy ual's cells and tissues for the purpose of treating a disease cloning restriction enzymes selective breeding DNA ligase the practice of reproduc- ing an organism that is genetically identical to the original Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nu- cleotides The process of selecting a few organisms with de- sired traits to serve as par- ents of the next generation enzyme that chemically links (paste) DNA frag- ments together gel electrophoresis PCR (polymerase chain reaction) stem cells Inbreeding stem cell research goals The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and elec- trical charge, by measur- ing their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. technique that allows mol- ecular biologists to make many copies of a particu- lar gene unspecialized cells that re- tain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells A selective breeding method in which two in- dividuals with identical or similar sets of alleles are crossed; leads to muta- tions repair damaged tissues that can't repair them- selves Cloning Human Genome Project Dolly (cloned sheep) Recombinant DNA Gel Electrophoresis Steps Making a genetically iden- tical copy of DNA or of an organism. project whose goal is to map, sequence, and iden- tify all of the genes in the human genome first animal to be cloned DNA produced by com- bining DNA from different sources (used to produce: crops stay fresh longer, human vaccines, clothing, dye, cheese, laundry, hu- man antibodies) 1) Make the gel 2) Set up gel apparatus 3) Load DNA sample into gel 4) Hook up electric current and run gel 5) Stain gel and analyze results DNA fragments Shorter DNA fragments move what type of cells were used to make Dolly? Analyzing DNA by gel electrophoresis allows re- searchers to first step in cloning a mouse last step in cloning a mouse Where are stem cells found? Pieces of DNA strand cut by restriction enzymes faster body cell and egg cell identify similarities and dif- ferences in teh genomes of different organisms isolate the donor's somat- ic and egg cells implant morula into a sur- rogate mother In early human embryos, umbilical cords and bone marrow of adults what is used in genetic en- gineering? Gene therapy technology what are the steps in cloning a mouse restriction enzymes, cloning, stem cells, vector, recombinant DNA Replacing defective genes with normal copies of the gene 1. isolating donor somatic and egg cells 2. enucleating the egg cell 3. transferring the nucleus of the somatic cell into the enucleated egg cell 4. chemcially stimiulating the new cell to divide until it becomes a morula 5. implanting the morula into a surrogate mother