GENDER
, SEX= being genetically male (XY) or female (XX)
Outline and evaluate the concept of an
GENDER = Person's sense of maleness or femaleness (psychological/social construct)
GENDER IDENTITY = One's personal experience of one's own gender (gender identity can correlate with assigned sex at birth OR can differ from it entirely)
GENDER ROLE = set of societal norms dictating types of behaviours which generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable for people based on actual/perceived sex or sexually.
SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES: ANDROGYNY: Introduced by Sandra
Stereotypes = xed beliefs about particular group of people (man = strong; women = caring) & the Combination of male and female characteristics. • She argued that it is p
behaviours individuals show in particular situation, which affected by expectations (males = heroic; to avoid xed sex-role
females caring for children/elderly relatives). BEM SEX ROLE INVENTORY (BSRI) • People should be free
1st systematic attempt to measure androgyny using typically masculine or
• Set of social norms that dictate way men & women should behave. a rating scale of 60 traits (20 masculine, 20
• Learnt from explicit teaching by parents/teacher & implicit learning from same-sex models by imitation feminine, 20 neutral) an these produce scores
(SLT) across 2 dimensions: masculinity-femininity and
androgynous-undifferentiated.
(Fairytale stories = snow white, cinderella)
• Measure of masculinity-femininity and gender Scoring/categorised:
roles • MASCULINITY = high
Research: sex-role stereotypes in the media • It assesses how people identify themselves low feminine
Furnham & Farragehr (2000) = study of TV adverts psychologically
• FEMININITY = high fe
• An androgynous classi cation = scores above masculinity
FINDINGS:
50% in both masculine and feminine categories • ANDROGYNOUS = h
• Men more likely to be shown in autonomous roles within professional contexts
• A sex-typed classi cation = scoring above half the • UNDIFFERENTIATED
WHEREAS
comparison group in only 1 gender category. low scores for both
• Women seen occupying familial roles within domestic settings ("Good House
Wives" video)
Research: support for parental in uence
PILOTING BSRI AND FOLLOW-UP Development of the BS
Smith & Lloyd (1978) = observed mothers playing with babies (not their own)
Piloting = 1,000 ppts con rmed BSRI re ected • 100 ppts (50 female +
dresses as boy/girl
gender identity (validity) traits in terms of gend
• If ppts thought she was playing with a boy = encouraged more motor activity &
• Top 20 in each case s
offered gender-appropriate toys (squeaky hammer rather than a doll) Follow-up study = smaller sample con rmed • 7-point rating scale to
results when tested a month later (high test- (1=never true to me +
retest reliability)
fi fi fi fi fi fi flfl
, SEX= being genetically male (XY) or female (XX)
Outline and evaluate the concept of an
GENDER = Person's sense of maleness or femaleness (psychological/social construct)
GENDER IDENTITY = One's personal experience of one's own gender (gender identity can correlate with assigned sex at birth OR can differ from it entirely)
GENDER ROLE = set of societal norms dictating types of behaviours which generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable for people based on actual/perceived sex or sexually.
SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES: ANDROGYNY: Introduced by Sandra
Stereotypes = xed beliefs about particular group of people (man = strong; women = caring) & the Combination of male and female characteristics. • She argued that it is p
behaviours individuals show in particular situation, which affected by expectations (males = heroic; to avoid xed sex-role
females caring for children/elderly relatives). BEM SEX ROLE INVENTORY (BSRI) • People should be free
1st systematic attempt to measure androgyny using typically masculine or
• Set of social norms that dictate way men & women should behave. a rating scale of 60 traits (20 masculine, 20
• Learnt from explicit teaching by parents/teacher & implicit learning from same-sex models by imitation feminine, 20 neutral) an these produce scores
(SLT) across 2 dimensions: masculinity-femininity and
androgynous-undifferentiated.
(Fairytale stories = snow white, cinderella)
• Measure of masculinity-femininity and gender Scoring/categorised:
roles • MASCULINITY = high
Research: sex-role stereotypes in the media • It assesses how people identify themselves low feminine
Furnham & Farragehr (2000) = study of TV adverts psychologically
• FEMININITY = high fe
• An androgynous classi cation = scores above masculinity
FINDINGS:
50% in both masculine and feminine categories • ANDROGYNOUS = h
• Men more likely to be shown in autonomous roles within professional contexts
• A sex-typed classi cation = scoring above half the • UNDIFFERENTIATED
WHEREAS
comparison group in only 1 gender category. low scores for both
• Women seen occupying familial roles within domestic settings ("Good House
Wives" video)
Research: support for parental in uence
PILOTING BSRI AND FOLLOW-UP Development of the BS
Smith & Lloyd (1978) = observed mothers playing with babies (not their own)
Piloting = 1,000 ppts con rmed BSRI re ected • 100 ppts (50 female +
dresses as boy/girl
gender identity (validity) traits in terms of gend
• If ppts thought she was playing with a boy = encouraged more motor activity &
• Top 20 in each case s
offered gender-appropriate toys (squeaky hammer rather than a doll) Follow-up study = smaller sample con rmed • 7-point rating scale to
results when tested a month later (high test- (1=never true to me +
retest reliability)
fi fi fi fi fi fi flfl
