Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination Questions and Answers 2023

HIPAA - Answer- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Passed in 1996 Patients have control over who is able to access and view their health records IDEA - Answer- Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act A civil rights law guaranteeing that students with disabilities receive the services they need FERPA - Answer- Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Created in 1974 Also known as the Buckley Amendment Specifies rights to parents and nonminor students for access to educational records NVGA - Answer- The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913 as the first emergence of counseling (vocational counseling) It is now the National Career Development Association (NCDA) Minnesota Point of View - Answer- Created by E. G. Williamson, considered the one of the first counseling theories Trait and factor theory American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) - Answer- Created in 1952 under the NVGA (now NCDA) to gain a voice in counseling, it is now the American Counseling Association (ACA) ASCA - Answer- The American School Counselor Association is formed as a division under the APGA in 1952 NDEA - Answer- National Defense Education Act Passed by Congress in 1958 to increase funds in schools to improve curriculum and hire counselors who could identify students excelling in math and science ARCA - Answer- American Rehabilitation Counseling Assocation created in 1958 First code of ethics - Answer- Created by the APGA in 1961 Community Mental Health Act - Answer- Signed in 1963 by President Johnson which allots money for the creation of mental health centers AARC - Answer- Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling, formerly the Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance (AMEG), was founded in 1965 NECA - Answer- The National Employment Counseling Association began in 1966 AMCD - Answer- The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) is founded in 1972 ASGW - Answer- The Association for Specialists in Group Work is founded in 1973 ASERVIC - Answer- The Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling is founded in 1974 IAAOC - Answer- The International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors is founded in 1974 Donaldson vs. O'Connor - Answer- 1975 - Supreme Court case that ended in the decision to deinstitutionalize patients in state mental hospitals; barred mental institutions from committing patients involuntarily if they were not a threat to themselves or others First state to offer licensure - Answer- Virginia - 1976 AMCHA - Answer- The American Mental Health Counselors Association is created in 1978 CACREP - Answer- The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs is established in 1981 NBCC - Answer- The National Board for Certified Counselors starts in 1982 They created the first national examination -- the National Counselor Exam (NCE) ACEG - Answer- The Association for Counselors and Educators in Government is created in 1984 AADA - Answer- The Association for Adult Development and Aging is started in 1986 IAMFC - Answer- International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors began in 1989 ACCA - Answer- The American College Counseling Association began in 1991 ACA - Answer- American Counseling Association Originally the APGA, then the AACD (American Association of Counseling and Development; 1983), then in 1995 is changed to ACA ALGBTIC - Answer- The Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling (name change in 2007) Formerly the Association for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues in Counseling (AGLBIC) founded in 1997 ACC - Answer- The Association for Creativity in Counseling is established in 2004 Most recent ethics code - Answer- Created in 2005 Has new sections regarding technology, end-of-life care, diagnosing, ending practice, and therapeutic interventions Final state to offer licensure - Answer- California -- 2009 U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504) - Answer- A civil rights act that protects individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against or denied equal access to services and opportunities because of their disability. CAPTA - Answer- Child Abuse Prevention Act Defines child abuse and neglect as "Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm" CRCC - Answer- Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification is a nonprofit founded in 1974 to certify rehabilitation counselors AHC - Answer- The Association for Humanistic Counseling Formed in 1931 "the heart and conscience of the counseling profession" Ethical Principles - Answer- Autonomy Nonmaleficence Beneficence Justice Fidelity Eight Sections of ACA Code of Ethics - Answer- A. The Counseling Relationship B. Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy C. Professional Responsibility D. Relationships with Other Professionals E. Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation F. Supervision, Training, and Teaching G. Research and Publication H. Resolving Ethical Issues Liability - Answer- the legal responsibility of the counselor to act with due care in professional practice Tort - Answer- a legal response to harm against an individual person or property Unintentional Tort Intentional Tort Negligence - Answer- when counselors fail to use reasonable care in carrying out their professional duties, resulting in injury to the client (can be sued for this) Malpractice - Answer- when the counselor fails to provide the standard of care expected of them based on credentials, skills and experience (considered professional negligence -- certain professions can be sued) Defamation - Answer- When a counselor ruins someone's reputations through the intentional spreading of falsehoods 1. Libel (written) 2. Slander (spoken) Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California - Answer- 1974, a case in California that led to Duty to Warn laws (differs among every state) Counselors could legally be held responsible for failing to take adequate steps to warn third parties about clients who are a serious threat to them Privileged Communication - Answer- legal term that protects certain counselor-client communication in the court systems Subpoena - Answer- legal document that orders a person to appear in court to serve as a witness or to provide the court with certain documents Emergence of counseling profession - Answer- Began in the late 1800s in the form of vocational guidance Four aspects examined in malpractice or negligence cases - Answer- legal duty between plaintiff and defendant; breach of legal duty by the defendant; injury caused to the plaintiff; and causal connection between the defendant's breach of duty and the plaintiff's injury Psychodynamic - Answer- these theories focus on the unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients Jay Hayley - Answer- known for work in strategic and problem solving therapy; known for technique called paradox Robert Perry - Answer- Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students; stresses concept of dualistic thinking (early college students) Arnold Lazarus - Answer- Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy. Cultural Encapsulation - Answer- When a counselor imposes goals from his or her culture on people from another culture therefore failing to understand the client's worldview or cultural identity Cultural identity - Answer- the degree to which you identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories When did cultural competency begin to be discussed in the counseling field? - Answer- 1960s -- "The Culturally Encapsulated Counselor", written by C. Gilbert Wrenn in 1962 is published The Cross Nigrescence Model - Answer- The first racial identity model created by William Cross, Jr. in the 1970s Fourth force of counseling - Answer- Multiculturalism -- labeled by Paul Pedersen in 1991 Fifth force of counseling - Answer- Social Advocacy -- labeled in 2004 by Manivong Ratts and colleagues Surgeon General's Report 2001 - Answer- "Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethinicity -- A Supplement to Mental Healthy: A Report of the Surgeon General" is published showing research regarding how race, ethnicity and the subsequent oppression and resiliency influences mental health outcomes Multicultural Competencies - Answer- 31 competencies were created by Sue and colleagues (originally 1982, then updated 1992) to introduce counselors to more effective ways to serve clients of color, and is now applied with gender, spirituality, sexual orientations, and SES identities Tripartite Model of Multicultural Counseling - Answer- three components: awareness, knowledge, skill Etic vs. Emic Perspective - Answer- Two perspectives that are considered a continuum Etic -- viewing clients from a universal perspective Emic -- using client's approaches that are specific to a client's culture Types of Nonverbal Communication - Answer- High-Context Low-Context Paralanguage Kinesis Chronemics Proxemics High-Context Communication - Answer- individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings; nonverbal cues create social harmony Low-Context Communication - Answer- individuals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings Paralanguage - Answer- Verbal cues other than words Kinesis - Answer- Postures, body movements, and positions Chronemics - Answer- how individuals conceptualize and act toward time Proxemics - Answer- the use of personal physical distance (intimate, personal, social, and public) Acculturation - Answer- process which an individual makes sense of a host culture's value system in relation to his or her own Four Models of Acculturation - Answer- Paniagua (2005) 1. Assimilation Model - identifying solely with new culture 2. Separation Model - refuse to adapt to any culture than their own 3. Integration Model - identifying with both 4. Marginalization Model -rejecting both cultures Locus of responsibility - Answer- what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals (one way individuals guide their behaviors) Locus of control - Answer- the degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment (EC, external, & IC, internal) First Worldview Model - Answer- Created by Sue 1978 Said individuals guide their behavior based on the intersecting dimensions of locus of responsibility and locus of control Second World Model - Answer- Created by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) Contains 5 components that integrate in various cultures to create unique cultural worldviews 5 Components of Second Worldview Model - Answer- Human nature Relationship to nature Sense of time Activity Social Relationships U.S. Census Bureau Racial Classification - Answer- White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; census recognizes 165 racial combinations Colorism - Answer- refers to the judgement of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites Eugenics Movement - Answer- A method to monitor a person's inborn characteristics and an attempt to keep the Caucasian race "pure" by directing who could marry and reproduce. Ethnocentrism - Answer- Defining a cultural group's belief that it is superior in comparison to all other cultures Two delineations of Poverty - Answer- Generational Poverty Situational Poverty Types of Classism - Answer- Modern Classism Structural Classism Internalized Classism Gender Schema Theory - Answer- Interprets the "why" behind an individual's placement of genders into certain categories (Sandra Bem) Chaney & Marszalek (2014) Four Components of Sexual Identity - Answer- Physical Identity Gender Identity Social Sex Role Identity Sexual Orientation Identity Affectional Orientation - Answer- describes sexual minorities because it broadens discussion beyond simple sexual attraction on a physical level Homophobia vs. Homoprejudice - Answer- Phobia deals with the fear and hatred of sexual minorities whereas prejudice comes from the discrimination sexual minorities experience Seven majors types of religion - Answer- Buddhism Christianity Confucianism Hinduism Islam Judaism Taoism Spiritual Bypass - Answer- the avoidance of problematic issues by a person "misusing their spiritual beliefs, practices, or experiences rather than address the struggle at the level at which it occurs" Three laws in U.S. to defend and protect citizens with disabilities against discrimination - Answer- 1973 Rehabilitation Act 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act 2004 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement act Four foci of Social Justice - Answer- Equity Access Participation Harmony Three levels of oppression - Answer- Primary: Obvious acts by both force and deprivation Secondary: Oppressive acts in which individuals do not get directly involved but from which they may benefit Tertiary: Minority group members adopting the majority opinion so they fit in Prejudice - Answer- preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience Five stages of prejudice - Answer- Antilocution Avoidance Discrimination Physical Attack Extermination Cross Nigrescence Model - Answer- African Americans are described as progressing through several stages of cultural awareness. Five stages: -Pre-encounter which is when African Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as more desirable -Encounter - a specific experience the Black individual to begin to notice and question his or her racia lidentity -Immersian-Emersian stage-dis