Pathophysiology Exam 8

Pathophysiology Exam 8 Each of the following statements are true regarding control over the GFR except: The kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure of the rest of the body. The sympathetic nervous system can supersede the renal autoregulatory system. The RAA responds when blood pressure rises above normal limits Ans- The RAA responds when blood pressure rises above normal limits. The RAA responds when blood pressure drops below normal limits. Which of the following statements is false regarding ADH? Elevated levels of ADH will lead to a small volume of concentrated urine. Decreased levels of ADH will lead to dilute urine. Alcohol increases ADH levels. Ans- Alcohol increases ADH levels. alcohol is a diuretic and will inhibit the release of ADH. Which of the following statements is true regarding nephrons? It is divided into an outer medulla and an inner cortex It has 1 source of blood supply The glomerulus filters the blood while the tubule reabsorbs needed nutrients Ans- The glomerulus filters the blood while the tubule reabsorbs needed nutrients Excess accumulation of fluid within the interstitial compartment is characteristic of which of the following fluid imbalances? Dehydration Water intoxication Edema Ans- Edema Tubular reabsorption is characterized by which of the following? The reabsorption of water and ions via passive means only Necessary solutes and fluids are reabsorbed into the tubular fluid Necessary solutes and fluids are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries Ans- Necessary solutes and fluids are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries Which of the following is/are true regarding acid-base disorders? (mark all that apply) A. Metabolic disorders are a result of a change in plasma HCO3- levels B. Respiratory disorders are a result of a change in plasma CO2 levels C. Normal HCO3- = 35-45 mm D. Normal blood pH = 7.35-7.45 Ans- A, B, D Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis is characterized by the following except: Edema of the hands and face can be a sign of this condition Associated with a good prognosis and rarely causes kidney disease Lab results will include an elevated antistreptococcal antibody (ASO) titer Hypocellularity Ans- Hypocellularity Which of the following is characteristic of chronic transplant rejection? Involves humoral immunity It responds well to immunosuppressive therapy Involves increased T lymphocytes Ans- Involves humoral immunity Which of the following is true of cholecalciferol? It is the inactive form of vitamin D taken in through the skin via UV rays It is the inactive form of synthetic vitamin D It is the active form of vitamin D, converted in the liver It is the active form of vitamin D, converted in the kidney Ans- It is the inactive form of vitamin D taken in through the skin via UV rays A patient is said to be in stage 2 kidney disease. What would you expect their GFR to be? A. 97 mL/min/1.73m2 B. 42 mL/min/1.73m2 C. 70 mL/min/1.73m2 D. 14 mL/min/1.73m2 Ans- C The following are true regarding tubular secretion except: A. H+ is secreted in the intercalated cells B. K+ is secreted in the principal cells C. H+ along with organic acids and bases are secreted from the distal tubule Ans- C. H+ along with organic acids and bases are secreted from the proximal tubule Na+ reabsorption, through the excretion of H+ ions, is achieved through the action of which of the following? Cardiovascular baroreceptors Aldosterone Diuretics Ans- Aldosterone Fill in the blank: The outer portion of the kidney that houses the glomeruli and convoluted tubules is called the _______. Ans- renal cortex The formation of erythropoietin is preceded by low levels of _______. Ans- oxygen The ___________ react within seconds to minimize changes in pH by binding free H+ or free OH-. Anschemical buffer systems A person who has a blood Mg2+ concentration of 1.2 mg/dL. Is considered to have _______. Anshypomagnesemia _______ failure is caused by conditions that damage the structures within the kidney. Ans- Intrarenal T/F, if False make the statement True Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the kidneys. Ans- Answer: False, angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs. T/F, if False make the statement True The kidneys have compensatory mechanisms needed to conserve K+ during periods of excessive loss. Ans- Answer: False, the kidneys do not have compensatory mechanisms needed to conserve K+ during periods of excessive loss. Explain how the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure of the rest of the body. Ans- Answer: The renal autoregulatory system causes the efferent arteriole to constrict leading to an increased resistance to outflow from the glomeruli with a subsequent increase in glomerular pressure and the GFR. When the afferent arteriole constricts there is a reduction in renal blood flow, glomerular pressure, and the GFR. A patient has a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and a subsequent electrolyte imbalance. Which electrolyte imbalance may they experience given this condition? Explain why pancreatitis would lead to this imbalance. Ans- Answer: Hypocalcemia. Acute pancreatitis causes the release of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. Free fatty acids are released during lipolysis in the pancreas. Ca2+ binds to these fatty acids removing them from the blood. Explain why the glomerulus is situated between 2 arterioles. Ans- Answer: Arterioles are high resistance vessels resulting in an extremely high-pressure system which can easily force fluid and solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capillary along its entire length. Explain why a patient with chronic kidney disease may develop anemia