BIO 220 exam 3 study guide.

Biology 220 (exam 03) : Class 24 (1st class of exam 03) - 03-15-10 ENDOCRINE (cAMP) vs. EXOCRINE (chapter 17) The 2 systems operating in us telling our bodies what to do (controlling us) = what? 1. Nervous = via electrochemical 2. Endocrine = via chemical The nervous system controls by way of what types of messages? Turned on and off quickly or slowly? 1. electrochemical 2. on and off quickly The endocrine system controls by way of what types of messages? Are these messages turned on and off quickly or slowly? 1. chemical 2. action = - onset of action = gradual - effect of action = gradual The endocrine system is controlling with chemicals carried in the what called what? 1. blood 2. hormones The nervous and endocrine systems together are referred to as what? Sister systems that control our actions Both exocrine and endocrine are considered to be what type of tissue? Thus, it is what by nature? 1. glandular 2. epithelial (type of epithelium) The 2 shapes of exocrine glands are what? If is a single gland per one duct, it is called what? Multiple glands per one duct =? 1. flask (aka acinar) or tubular 2. simple 3. compound The action of the exocrine glands is that it _____ something, puts it in a _____, which then goes to some _____. 1. makes (produces) 2. duct 3. space or opening The action of the endocrine gland is that something is made by _____. This product is released and enters a _____ close by which is said to be _____. In some cases, the hormone is carried in the blood like anything else. In other cases, it must be what? Therefore, the glands that these cells are part of are very _____ raising what challenge? 1. glandular cells 2. capillary (when we are talking about traditional hormones) 3. fenestrated (= full of holes / holy) 4. carried by a carrier molecule due to the nature of the chemical that it’s made of 5. vascular 6. difficult to treat (esp. w/ surgery due to potential for bleeding Paracrine hormones are more _____ hormones which are produced and stay within the space around them affecting what? A good example of this is what? 1. local 2. own kind of cells or cells close by 3. prostaglandin Prostaglandin is prevalent where? During what, these hormones are released to do what? Are these picked up by the blood and carried to a target? 1. the uterus 2. the female menstrual cycle 3. instigate the contraction of muscle tissue resulting in cramps 4. These are generally local (not picked up by blood, etc) Traditional hormones are those that are put in the _____ and go some place. 1. blood supply The capillaries dealing with the endocrine Fenestrated (necessary to allow hormones 1 system tend to be what? which tend to be large molecules in & out) A good example of a paracrine gland (glandular endocrine cells) is what? Where is it commonly found? 1. a prostaglandin 2. in the uterus The 2 main groups of hormones are what? Which one of these is the ‘short list’? What comprises the short list? 1. Hormones are: - water soluble - fat soluble 2. fat soluble 3. short list = (TIP: “Pet Cat”) - P rogesterone - E strogen - T estosterone - C ortisol - A ldosterone - T hyroxine (aka T4) (TIP: T4 is ‘different’ than others; ‘ROX star’) Hormones are made by a variety of what? Chemicals The largest groups of hormones is _____ soluble? What does this imply? 1. water 2. They can get into the capillary and into the plasma of the blood and just go along in the blood until it reaches its target at which time it gets out / affixes itself to the target. Water soluble hormones can get easily into the ____ of the blood by way of the _____. When it reaches a _____ near its target, it gets out and affixes itself to the target. 1. plasma 2. capillary (it dissolves into blood) 3. capillary Estrogen is a derivative of _____ and is therefore classified as _____ soluble. In essence, estrogen is a what? 1. cholesterol 2. fat 3. steroid What is unique about T4 (‘rox’ star)? Not a steroidal derivative but is fat soluble The short list is comprised of hormones that are _____ derivatives. The one exception to this is what? All of the hormones on the short list are _____ soluble? Once these hormones reach their target, what do they need to do to get into the target cell? What do water soluble hormones do to get into its target cell? 1. cholesterol / steroidal 2. thyroxine (aka T4) 3. fat soluble 4. nothing, can go right in b/c PM = phospholipid bilayer 5. water soluble hormones CAN’T get into cell (they attach to receptors at the target cell’s surface) Thyroxine is also known as what? Is it water or fat soluble? 1. T4 2. fat soluble What are the two methods by which hormones work? 1. cAMP (water soluble) 2. gene activating (fat soluble) What do the following abbrevations stand for? Where are the sources for these? (page 639) 1. ACTH 2. ADH 1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) = anterior pituitary 2. Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) = posterior pit 3. Atrial natriuretic peptide = heart 4. Corticotropin-releasing hormone = 2 3. ANP 4. CRH 5. DHEA 6. EPO 7. FSH 8. GH 9. GHRH 10. GnRH 11. IGFs 12. LH 13. NE 14. OT 15. PIH 16. PRH 17. PRL 18. PTH 19. T3 20. T4 21. TH 22. TRH 23. TSH hypothalamus 5. Dehydroepiandrosterone = adrenal cortex 6. Erythropoietin = kidney, liver 7. Follicle-stimulating hormone = anterior pit 8. Growth hormone (somatotropin) = anterior pit 9. Growth hormone-releasing hormone = hypothalamus 10. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone = hypothalamus 11. Insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) = liver, other tissues 12. Luteinizing hormone = anterior pit 13. Norepinephrine = adrenal medulla 14. Oxytocin = posterior pit 15. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (dopamine) = hypothalamus 16. Prolactin-releasing hormone = hypothalamus 17. Prolactin = anterior pit 18. Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) = parathyroids 19. Triiodothyronine = thyroid 20. Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) = thyroid 21. Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) = thyroid 22. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone = hypothalamus 23. Thyroid-stimulating hormone = anterior pit Somatomedins = what? IGFs (insulin growth factors) Corticotrophin = what? ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Somatotropin = what? GH (growth hormone) Parathormone = what? PTH (parathyroid hormone) Vasopressin = what? ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Tetraiodothyronine = what? T4 (thyroxine) What are the principal effects of the following? (page 642) 1. TRH 2. CRH 3. GnRH 4. PRH 5. PIH 6. GHRH 1. promotes TSH and PRL secretion 2. promotes ACTH secretion 3. promotes FSH and LH secretion 4. promotes PRL secretion 5. inhibits PRL secretion 6. promotes GH secretion 7. inhibits GH and TSH secretion