Foundations of Reading Licensure Exam NC Latest 2023 Graded A+

Foundations of Reading Licensure Exam NC Latest 2023 Graded A+ Alliteration The repetition of the initial phoneme of each word in connected text (e.g., Harry the happy hippo hula-hoops with Henrietta). Alphabetic Principle The concept that letters and letter combinations represent individual phonemes in written words. Blending The task of combining sounds rapidly, to accurately represent the word. Chunking A decoding strategy for breaking words into manageable parts (e.g, yes ter day). Chunking also refers to the process of dividing a sentence into smaller phrases where pauses might occur naturally (e.g., When the sun appeared after the storm, / the newly fallen snow /shimmered like diamonds). Consonant Blend Two or more consecutive consonants which retain their individual sounds (e.g., bl in block; str in string). Consonant Digraph Two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme, or sound (e.g., ch, sh). Continuous Sounds A sound that can be held for several seconds without distortion (e.g., /m/, /s/). Digraphs A group of two consecutive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound (e.g., ea in bread; ch in chat; ng in sing). Diphthong A vowel produced by the tongue shifting position during articulation; a vowel that feels as if it has two parts, especially the vowels spelled ou and oi. Elkonin Boxes A framework used during phonemic awareness instruction. Elkonin Boxes are sometimes referred to as Sound Boxes. When working with words, the teacher can draw one box per sound for a target word. Students push a penny or a marker into one box as they segment each sound in the word. Emergent Literacy The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing. Graphophonemic Knowledge Knowledge of the relationships between letters and phonemes. Onset and Rime Onsets and rimes are parts of spoken language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes. An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable (the onset of bag is b-; of swim, sw-). A rime is the part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (the rime of bag is -ag; of swim, -im). Phoneme A phoneme is the smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words. English has about 41 phonemes. A few words, such as a or oh, have only one phoneme. Most words, however, have more than one phoneme: The word if has two phonemes (/i/ /f/); check has three phonemes (/ch/ /e/ /k/), and stop has four phonemes (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/). Sometimes one phoneme is represented by more than one letter. Phoneme Isolation Recognizing individual sounds in a word (e.g., /p/ is the first sound in pan). Phoneme Manipulation Adding, deleting, and substituting sounds in words (e.g., add /b/ to oat to make boat; delete /p/ in pat to make at; substitute /o/ for /a/ in pat to make pot). Phonemic Awareness Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds--phonemes--in spoken words; the highest level of phonological awareness. Phonological Awareness Phonological awareness is a broad term that includes phonemic awareness. In addition to phonemes, phonological awareness activities can involve work with rhymes, words, syllables, and onsets and rimes. Segmenting Separating the individual phonemes, or sounds, of a word into discrete units. Syllable A syllable is a word part that contains a vowel or, in spoken language, a vowel sound (e-vent; news-pa-per; ver-y). Vowel Digraph or Vowel Pair Two vowels together that represent one phoneme, or sound (e.g., ea, ai, oa). Alphabetic A writing system containing characters or symbols representing sounds. Alphabetic Knowledge Knowing letters of the alphabetic and knowing that letters are used for writing. Alphabetic Layer of Instruction The first layer of word study instruction focusing on letters and letter-sound correspondence. Alphabetic Principle Understanding that letters represent speech sounds and that spoken words can be written down by combining letters that code the sounds. Analytic Approach An approach to phonics instruction that separates a whole word into its constituent parts for further study. Analytic-Synthetic Principle Refers to the relationship between spelling and reading in the coding process. One analyzes (breaks apart) spoken words into individual sounds for spelling. One synthesizes (blends together) discrete sounds to form words for reading. Aural Perceived by the ear, through listening Automaticity Ability to respond or react without attention or conscious effort. Beginning period of literacy development A period of literacy