ANATOMY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

ANATOMY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Chapter-1: 1) What is anatomy and physiology and the different ways to study A&P? Anatomy structure and location of the body ; Physiology function of the organ. • inspection—simply looking at the body’s appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance. • Physical examinations also involve touching and listening to the body. • Palpation1 means feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse. • Auscultation is listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds. • Percussion, the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air. • dissection the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships • comparative anatomy—the study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends. 2) What are the various branches of anatomy? • Gross anatomy-when your able to see it • Systems anatomy • Surface anatomy-present at the surface • Cross sectional anatomy- when you cut sections in the body and examine it • Regional anatomy- divide the body in certain regions such as thoracic. • Comparative anatomy- study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species • Evolutionary anatomy- when you study the evolution of 1 or more species. • Paleoanatomy- study of bones of caveman • developmental anatomy- from infant to old age; when you study the change over time. • Embryology-study of the development of the fetus • Clinical anatomy- a person who gets shot in the left side of the brain may lose speech. • Pathology- study of disease. • Exploratory anatomy- cut open look @ the structures and find nothing wrong when they sew them back up 3) What is meant by anatomical variation and what are the different types of anatomical variations? • Anatomical variation- looking at the differences in common structures. (No two humans are exactly alike. • Situs Solitus-The normal arrangement of these and other internal organs • Situs inverses- when the organs are located on the right side instead of the left side and vice versa. • Dextrocardia- structures on the right side. Ex: the branch of the aorta is located on the left side when it usually belongs on the right. • Situs perversus- a single organ occupies an atypical position—for example, a kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity 4) Know the structural hierarchy of human body. What is Homeostasis and how it is regulated by Negative and Positive Feedback mechanisms (know with examples). • Homeostasis- the body’s regulation to get back to normalcy. • Homeostasis—body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions • Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death • Self-amplifying cycle-Leads to greater change in the same direction • Feedback loop is repeated—change produces more change • Normal way of producing rapid changes • Occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, fever, and generation of nerve signals • negative feedback—a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. By maintaining stability, negative feedback is the key mechanism for maintaining health. Ex: Sweating and Shivering 6) Know the different types of medical imaging and their uses. • Radiography (XRAY) – Ex: dentistry, mammography, diagnosis of fractures, and examination of the chest; X-rays penetrate tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body;Absorbed by dense tissue such as bones and teeth that appear white • Disadvantages: radiography are that images of overlapping organs can be confusing, slight differences in tissue density are not easily detected; can cause mutations leading to cancer and birth defect • CT scanning has the advantage of imaging thin sections of the body, so there is little overlap of organs and the image is much sharper than a conventional X-ray; is useful for identifying tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages, kidney stones, and other abnormalities; Low-intensity X-rays and computer analysis, Slice-type image, Increased sharpness of image • PET Scan- the metabolic state of a tissue and to distinguish which tissues are most active at a given moment • inject radioactively labeled glucose • Positrons and electrons collide • Gamma rays given off • Detected by sensor • Analyzed by computer • Image color shows tissues using the most glucose at that moment • Damaged tissues appear dark • MRI- distinguishing between soft tissues such as the white and gray matter of the nervous system. MRI also eliminates exposure to harmful X-rays.; Alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves; Varying levels of energy given off used by computer to produce an image • Sonography- A handheld device held firmly to the skin produces high-frequency ultrasound waves and receives the signals that echo back from internal organs; can be used to locate the placenta and evaluate fetal age, position, and development. Sonography avoids the harmful effects of X-rays, disadvantage: image not sharp. Chapter- 3: 7) Know the different types of cells based on their shapes