Multidimensional Care II Exam 1 Study Guide

Multidimensional Care II Exam 1 Study Guide *The exam questions are not limited to only what is listed on this guide, please refer to your chapter readings and module materials Ch. 21: Principles of Cancer Development • Benign vs. Malignant cells o Benign: Harmless; does not usually require intervention ▪ Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time ▪ Result of small problem with cellular regulation ▪ Moles, uterine fibroid tumors, skin tags, endometriosis, nasal polyps ▪ Features of Benign Tumor Cells Specific morphology occurs with benign tumors. They look like the tissues they come from, retaining the specific morphology of parent cells. A smaller nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio is a feature of benign tumors just like completely normal cells. Specific differentiated functions continue to be performed by benign tumors. For example, in endometriosis, a type of benign tumor, the normal lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows in an abnormal place (e.g., on an ovary or elsewhere in the abdominal or even the chest cavity). This displaced endometrium acts just like normal endometrium by changing each month under the influence of estrogen. When the hormone level drops and the normal endometrium sheds from the uterus, the displaced endometrium, wherever it is, also sheds. Tight adherence of benign tumor cells to each other occurs because they continue to make fibronectin. No migration or wandering of benign tissues occurs because they remain tightly bound and do not invade other body tissues. Orderly growth with normal growth patterns occurs in benign tumor cells even though their growth is not needed. The fact that growth continues beyond an appropriate time or occurs in the wrong place indicates some problem with CELLULAR REGULATION, but the rate of growth is normal. The benign tumor grows by expansion. It does not invade. Euploidy (normal chromosomes) are usually found in benign tumor cells, with a few exceptions. Most of these cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, the correct number