Year 9 Science 2023 with complete solution

light source anything that gives out light 300,000,000 m/s the speed of light normal line line that divides the angle created by the incident ray and the reflected ray into two equal angles incident ray light that hits the mirror reflected ray light that leaves the mirror angle of incidence angle between the incident ray and the normal line angle of reflection angle between the reflected ray and the normal line convex mirrors mirrors that curve outwards; also called diverging mirrors; reflect light by spreading it concave mirrors mirrors that curve inwards; also called converging mirrors; reflect light by uniting it principal focus seems like the light source is behind the mirror focal length the distance from the focal point to the mirror critical angle angle of incidence that provides an angle of reflection of 90 degrees fiber optic a glass "hair" which is so thin that once light enters one end, it can never strike the inside walls at less than the critical angle refraction bending of light as it passes through transparent media of different densities index of refraction ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light through the material towards If a light ray passes across the boundary from a less dense material to a more dense material, then the light ray will bend _________ the normal line. away If a light ray passes across the boundary from a more dense material to a less dense material, then the light ray will bend _________ the normal line. black absorbs all colors and reflects none white reflects all colors and absorbs none colored filters allow some colors to pass through and absorb the rest; transmit the same color as itself red, blue, green the primary colors of light reflection bouncing of light against a surface dispersion splitting of white light into the different colors of the spectrum chemical reaction chemical change; two or more substances interact with each other; a new substance is produced combustion when substances combine with oxygen and release heat endothermic energy is absorbed exothermic energy is released law of conservation of matter in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed salt + hydrogen metal + acid = salt + water metal oxide + acid = metal oxide metal + oxygen = metal hydroxide + hydrogen metal + water = salt + carbon dioxide + water metal carbonate + acid = salt + water acid + alkali = phenotype characteristics that come from the genotype genotype controls the phenotype allele commands/controls the genes gene controls your physical and mental characteristics chromosomes contain the genes DNA makes up a gene homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a single trait heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a single trait electricity the flow of electrons around a circuit circuit the path of electrons current the flow of electrons conductors allow electrons to pass through insulators don't allow electrons to pass through resistance the force that slows down the electrons voltage the source of power, the start hydrochloric acid a colorless acid with a pungent odor sulfuric acid a clear, colorless, oily, and odorless acid nitric acid a colorless, fuming, and highly corrosive acid zinc a gray metal with a blue tinge iron a shiny metal that is soft, malleable, ductile, and strong magnesium a grayish-white, fairly tough metal copper a reddish-gold metal lead a bluish-white, sparkling metal that is very soft, malleable, and ductile silver a metal that has a brilliant white metallic shine and is very malleable and ductile sodium a soft, bright, silver colored metal force a push, pull, or turn that can change shape, direction, or speed balanced forces when two forces are acting on an object in opposite directions and they are equal in size; makes the object stay stationary or continue at a constant speed unbalanced forces when two forces are acting on an object in opposite directions, but they are not equal in size; make the object change shape, direction, or speed friction a force that resists motion between two objects that are in contact upthrust refers to the upward push of water air resistance a force between the object and the air that pushes against objects that are moving water resistance a force between the object and the water that pushes against objects that are moving surface tension a force within the surface of a liquid that causes it to act like an elastic sheet pressure a force applied to a surface or an object; formula: Force/area gravity a force that attracts objects and particles towards the center of the earth magnetic force a force that attracts magnetic objects static electricity when an electric charge is built up on an insulated material resultant force the size of the overall force that is acting on an object contact force when the force acting on the object must touch it to apply a force to it non-contact force when the force acting on the object doesn't have to touch it to apply a force to it moments the tendency of a force to twist or rotate an object; formula: Force x distance from pivot upward push refers to the upward push of solids such as the ground thrust forward push potassium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, iron, lead, copper, silver metal reactivity order from most reactive to least reactive (includes 8 metals) magenta red + blue = yellow red + green = cyan green + blue = white blue + yellow = white red + green + blue = neurons brain cells neurotransmitters chemical messengers axons transmitters dendrites receivers dominant being the one of a pair of bodily structures that is the more effective or predominant in action recessive expressed only when the determining gene is in the homozygous condition serotonin stabilizes your mood, appetite, sleep, and sexuality GABA the brain's sedative dopamine a neurotran