Chapter 9: Consciousness

Chapter 9: Consciousness Multiple-Choice Questions 9.1-1. Consciousness is a. thinking. b. remembering. c. perceiving. d. a combination of perception, remembering, and thinking. e. the awareness of activities such as perception and thinking. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-1 Page Ref: 248 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: e. the awareness of activities such as perception and thinking. 9.1-2. Our awareness of our abilities to perceive, to remember, and to think is called a. cognition. b. information processing. c. consciousness. d. self-reference. e. selective attention. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-2 Page Ref: 248 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: c. consciousness. 9.1-3. The only evidence that other people are conscious is a. that they tell us they are. b. their ability to understand their thoughts. c. that they perceive, think, and remember, too. d. that they have brains. e. our inability to imagine what it would be like to lack consciousness. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-3 Page Ref: 249 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. that they tell us they are. contact: 9.1-4. The ability to reach for objects accurately while remaining unaware of seeing them is called __________ and indicates that consciousness __________. a. blindsight; exists at several levels b. cognitive seeing; a brain event c. blindsight; incomplete d. cognitive seeing; is composed of information from all the senses e. blindsight; is not a property of all parts of the brain Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-4 Page Ref: 249 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Conceptual Answer: e. blindsight; is not a property of all parts of the brain 9.1-5. Self-awareness appears to be the result of our a. ability to communicate. b. consciousness. c. social nature. d. self-reference. e. awareness of complex mental processes. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-5 Page Ref: 249-250 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: a. ability to communicate. 9.1-6. Consciousness is each of the following EXCEPT a. a private experience that cannot be shared directly with others. b. helps us be aware of ourselves and of others. c. related to our ability to communicate symbolically. d. a general property of all parts of the brain. e. related to our ability to communicate with ourselves, privately. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-6 Page Ref: 249-250 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. a general property of all parts of the brain. 9.1-7. Private self-communication is due to our ability to a. become involved in a culture and its diverse activities. b. express thoughts symbolically and decode the symbols used by other people. c. reason logically. d. verbally communicate with others. e. communicate our feelings directly to others. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-7 Page Ref: 250 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: b. express thoughts symbolically and decode the symbols used by other people. 9.1-8. Thinking in words appears to involve a. primarily brain mechanisms located in the occipital cortex. b. an understanding of basic syntactical rules. c. the ability to speak. d. subvocal articulation. e. the ability to reason logically. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-8 Page Ref: 250 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: d. subvocal articulation. 9.1-9. Most forms of communication among non-human animals are a. conscious. b. a symbolic expression of private events. c. learned and therefore entail some form of consciousness. d. automatic and do not involve consciousness. e. relatively efficient. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-9 Page Ref: 250 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: d. automatic and do not involve consciousness. 9.1-10. When Ganel and Goodale asked participants to judge whether wooden blocks of varying lengths were "wide" or "narrow," participants found the task difficult. When asked to grasp the blocks across the middle a. participants made errors as a function of the length of the blocks. b. participants had difficulty judging where the "middle" was. c. participants' grasping actions were not affected by variations in the length of the blocks. d. the top hat illusion led participants to misjudge the width of the blocks. e. the task led participants to change their grasp when this wasn't needed. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-10 Page Ref: 250-251 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: c. participants' grasping actions were not affected by variations in the length of the blocks. 9.1-11. Studies using visual illusions such as the "top hat" illusion, indicate that our conscious awareness does not necessarily determine our a. thoughts. b. actions. c. emotions. d. introspective experiences. e. habits. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-11 Page Ref: 250-251 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. actions. 9.1-12. In Libet's studies of people's awareness of the intention to move their hands, he also measured electrical activity in the brain, prior to the movement. This electrical activity was termed the a. readiness potential. b. lateralized potential. c. consciousness barrier. d. top hat illusion. e. Ebbinghaus illusion. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-12 Page Ref: 251 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. readiness potential. 9.1-13. In his study of people's estimates of when they first became aware of the intention to move their hands, Libet showed that a. the readiness potential preceded the intention. b. the readiness potential occurred following the intention. c. the intention and the movement occurred simultaneously. d. the readiness potential and intention occurred simultaneously. e. the readiness potential, intention, and movement occurred simultaneously. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-13 Page Ref: 251 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: a. the readiness potential preceded the intention. 9.1-14. Studies such as those of Haggard and Eimer that use the "lateralized readiness potential," suggest that conscious awareness of action a. is always illusory. b. comes after the action itself occurs. c. ultimately determines our behavior. d. may be a later stage of a sequence of brain activity. e. may be the initial stage leading to a sequence of brain activity before the action occurs. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-14 Page Ref: 251 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. may be a later stage of a sequence of brain activity. 9.1-15. Each of the following statements applies to the "lateralized readiness potential" EXCEPT a. it covaried with reports of awareness of intention to move. b. it was a valid predictor of timing of awareness. c. it may be part of a sequence of brain activity that leads to awareness about action. d. it was generated simultaneously in both motor cortexes. e. it was recorded contralaterally from the side of the body where movement occurred. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1-15 Page Ref: 251 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: d. it was generated simultaneously in both motor cortexes. 9.1-16. The process that controls our awareness of particular categories of events to the exclusion of others, is called a. consciousness. b. perception. c. selective attention. d. cognition. e. subvocal articulation. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-16 Page Ref: 252 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: c. selective attention. 9.1-17. The events of which we become conscious are determined by a. perception. b. cognition. c. consciousness. d. selective attention. e. subvocal articulation. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-17 Page Ref: 252 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: d. selective attention. 9.1-18. __________ is the term for our ability to devote awareness to two or more tasks and perform them simultaneously. a. Fractured awareness b. Divided attention c. Divided cognition d. Split awareness e. Distributed attention Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-18 Page Ref: 252 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: b. Divided attention 9.1-19. Attention determines what information ultimately reaches __________ memory a. implicit b. procedural c. involuntary d. short-term e. sensory Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-19 Page Ref: 252 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: d. short-term 9.1-20. Broadbent believed that our attention is selective because a. we want to make as little effort as possible. b. not all information is important to us, and so we filter out the unimportant and leave only the essential. c. the brain mechanisms involved in conscious processing of information have a limited capacity. d. humans tend to avoid information that is threatening to the self. e. the environment contains more information than any processor could possibly absorb. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-20 Page Ref: 252 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: c. the brain mechanisms involved in conscious processing of information have a limited capacity. 9.1-21. A task that requires a person to listen to one of two messages presented simultaneously, one to each ear, is called a __________ task. a. shadowing b. auditory discrimination c. dichotic listening d. divided attention e. dual listening Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-21 Page Ref: 253 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: c. dichotic listening 9.1-22. Keiji is participating in a study on auditory perception in which he must repeat back the verbal information that is being channeled into one of his ears through a set of headphones. In this study, Keiji is __________ the message presented to this ear. a. rehearsing b. mimicking c. tracking d. shadowing e. encoding Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-22 Page Ref: 253 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Applied Answer: d. shadowing 9.1-23. Elina is participating in a study on auditory perception in which she must repeat back the verbal information that is being channeled into one of her ears through a set of headphones. Occasionally, though, she hears something in the other ear. It is most likely to be her a. telephone number. b. name. c. birthday. d. age. e. favorite color. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-23 Page Ref: 253 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Applied Answer: b. name. 9.1-24. Sofia is watching her favorite soap opera when her mother phones with some important news. She turns away from the TV to listen to her mother but keeps the sound on. What do dichotic listening studies suggest that she will pick up from the soap opera? a. No information at all b. Just an awareness that people were talking c. Only the major events occurring in the plot d. Sexually explicit words in the soap opera e. The whole of the conversations in the soap opera Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-24 Page Ref: 253 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Applied Answer: d. Sexually explicit words in the soap opera 9.1-25. The finding that people can remember words presented to the unattended ear in dichotic listening tasks indicates that a. the procedure produces auditory illusions. b. the filtration of the message in the attended ear is "leaky." c. the filtration of the message in the unattended ear is "leaky." d. the quality of the filters is better for the attended than for the unattended ear. e. the filtration is only applied after the sounds in the unattended ear are identified as words. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-25 Page Ref: 253 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Conceptual Answer: e. the filtration is only applied after the sounds in the unattended ear are identified as words. 9.1-26. In a dichotic listening task, information that is channeled into the unattended ear is a. not able to enter a person's consciousness. b. represented in the contralateral parietal lobe. c. placed in a permanent storage system. d. lost before it can be attended to. e. not stored in sensory memory. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-26 Page Ref: 253 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: d. lost before it can be attended to. 9.1-27. Which of the following is an example of the cocktail-party phenomenon? a. The ability to attend selectively to a particular conversation at a party b. The inability to attend selectively to a particular conversation because of all the conversations going on around you at a party c. The ability to attend to all of the conversations at a party d. The ability to appear to carry on two conversations at once while at a party e. When, after the party, several people report having had the same conversation Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-27 Page Ref: 255 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. The ability to attend selectively to a particular conversation at a party 9.1-28. In the crowded bar, Karl is telling Sean about an argument he had with his girlfriend. Despite the other conversations going on around them Sean is having no difficulty attending to what Karl is saying. This is an example of a. dichotic listening. b. shadowing. c. implicit memory. d. inhibition of return. e. the cocktail-party phenomenon. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-28 Page Ref: 255 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Applied Answer: e. the cocktail-party phenomenon. 9.1-29. Posner, Snyder, and Davidson's research showed that, if a visual stimulus occurs where we do not expect it to occur, a. we are unable to detect it at all. b. we are able to detect it as quickly as we would if it appeared where we expected it to. c. we are able to detect it more quickly than we would if it appeared where we expected it to. d. we are slower to detect it than we would be if it appeared where we expected it to. e. we are able to detect it immediately. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-29 Page Ref: 255 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: d. we are slower to detect it than we would be if it appeared where we expected it to. 9.1-30. __________ is a reduced tendency to perceive a delayed target stimulus when the target's presentation is consistent with a nonpredictive cue. a. Deferred attention b. Shadowing c. Inhibition of delay d. Inhibition of return e. The overshoot effect Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-30 Page Ref: 255 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: d. Inhibition of return 9.1-31. In Neisser and Becklen's study, participants saw a video showing two different action scenes (a basketball game and a hand-slapping game) with one presented above the other. The results indicated that participants a. perceived their names when they suddenly appeared on the screen. b. were able to detect a visual stimulus quickly if they were first cued to its location. c. were able to shadow a visual message even when the message switched between visual fields. d. could only attend to one visual scene at a time. e. could effectively attend to both visual scenes simultaneously with equivalent accuracy. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-31 Page Ref: 256 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: d. could only attend to one visual scene at a time. 9.1-32. In selective attention studies using either auditory or visual stimuli, people seem particularly sensitive to a. dramatic interruptions. b. the gender of voices or handwriting. c. their names, spoken or written. d. the name of the city in which they reside. e. their telephone number, spoken or written. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-32 Page Ref: 253,256 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: c. their names, spoken or written. 9.1-33. If people fail to perceive an event when their attention is diverted elsewhere, this is termed a. attentional failure. b. change blindness. c. inattentional blindness. d. inhibition of return. e. dichotic listening. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-33 Page Ref: 256 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: c. inattentional blindness. 9.1-34. While talking to his friend, Harvey glanced away. When he looked back he failed to notice that his friend had put on a hat. Harvey demonstrated a. peripheral blindness. b. inattentional failure. c. dichotic inattention. d. inhibition of attention. e. change blindness. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-34 Page Ref: 257 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Applied Answer: e. change blindness. 9.1-35. Studies of inattentional blindness indicate that a. we sometimes fail to notice surprising visual events. b. we usually pay special attention to surprising visual events. c. changes in a visual stimulus will tend to be processed, but often inefficiently. d. the brain is temporarily attentive to novel visual stimuli. e. we are unable to attend to two superimposed visual stimuli. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-35 Page Ref: 256 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. we sometimes fail to notice surprising visual events. 9.1-36. When Simon and Chabris asked participants to watch a basketball game, they were more likely to notice a. a woman in a gorilla suit, who walked through the scene, than a woman with an umbrella. b. changes in the players than changes in the audience. c. changes in the audience than changes in the players. d. their own name on a t-shirt than the name of a friend. e. a woman with an umbrella, who walked through the scene, than a woman in a gorilla suit. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-36 Page Ref: 256 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: e. a woman with an umbrella, who walked through the scene, than a woman in a gorilla suit. 9.1-37. Selective attention toward particular attributes of visual stimuli is correlated with differential activation of areas of the a. visual cortex. b. thalamus. c. optic nerve. d. retina. e. motor cortex. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-37 Page Ref: 257 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: a. visual cortex. 9.1-38. A disorder caused by brain damage in the visual association cortex that separates the brain's speech mechanisms from other parts of the brain is called a. isolation aphasia. b. the split-brain syndrome. c. auditory agnosia. d. hemispherical asymmetry. e. visual agnosia. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-38 Page Ref: 258 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: a. isolation aphasia. 9.1-39. Isolation aphasia is a language disturbance that involves the inability to a. repeat words that are heard or to understand their meaning. b. produce speech and comprehend the meaning of spoken words, without affecting the ability to read and write. c. speak. d. comprehend speech or to produce meaningful speech, without affecting the ability to learn new sequences of words. e. understand the meaning of any new sequences of words. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-39 Page Ref: 258 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. comprehend speech or to produce meaningful speech, without affecting the ability to learn new sequences of words. 9.1-40. A person whose speech mechanisms are isolated from the rest of the brain would show which of the following symptoms? a. An inability to produce meaningful speech b. An inability to repeat speech c. An inability to learn new sequences of words d. An inability to process auditory input e. An inability to control the muscles for speech Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-40 Page Ref: 258 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: a. An inability to produce meaningful speech 9.1-41. Following severe brain damage, Paris cannot speak voluntarily or understand others who are talking to him. However, he can sometimes repeat words said to him and can complete poems that he knows. He has a condition known as a. visual agnosia. b. the split-brain syndrome. c. auditory agnosia. d. comprehension aphasia. e. isolation aphasia. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-41 Page Ref: 258 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Applied Answer: e. isolation aphasia. 9.1-42. The inability to recognize the identity of an object visually is called visual a. aphasia. b. apraxia. c. amnesia. d. agnosia. e. neglect. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-42 Page Ref: 258 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: d. agnosia. 9.1-43. Aphasia is to _________ as agnosia is to _________. a. association cortex; primary cortex b. brain; eyes c. objects; speech d. memory; thinking e. language; vision Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-43 Page Ref: 258 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Conceptual Answer: e. language; vision 9.1-44. Visual agnosia is the inability to a. perceive movement of objects in three-dimensional space. b. perceive form. c. see the right or left half of the visual field, depending on which part of the brain is damaged. d. identify an object by sight. e. perceive shape and color. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-44 Page Ref: 258 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: d. identify an object by sight. 9.1-45. The textbook refers to a case of a patient with visual agnosia. Despite great difficulty in recognizing objects or pictures of objects, he could eventually recognize them using a. rhyming words. b. eye movements. c. hand movements. d. auditory symbols. e. cues that other people provided. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-45 Page Ref: 258-259 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: c. hand movements. 9.1-46. The symptoms of visual agnosia support the hypothesis that a. consciousness is synonymous with a person's ability to talk about his or her perceptions or memories. b. perception occurrs independently of language. c. the visual system is a parallel processor of information. d. people can describe things that they haven't yet seen. e. severing the corpus callosum irreversibly damages all our senses. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-46 Page Ref: 259 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. consciousness is synonymous with a person's ability to talk about his or her perceptions or memories. 9.1-47. The large bundle of axons that connect corresponding parts of the two cerebral hemispheres is called the a. basal ganglia. b. corpus callosum. c. central fissure. d. cingulate gyrus. e. thalamus. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-47 Page Ref: 260 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: b. corpus callosum. 9.1-48. Severing the corpus callosum is a surgical procedure that is sometimes used to treat people with a. epilepsy. b. isolation aphasia. c. narcolepsy. d. visual agnosia. e. schizophrenia. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-48 Page Ref: 260 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: a. epilepsy. 9.1-49. Once the corpus callosum is severed, the two cerebral hemispheres a. continue to exchange information. b. regenerate most of the severed axons so that they again can exchange information. c. assume each other's functions. d. function independently. e. collaborate to process and integrate sensory but not motor information. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-49 Page Ref: 260 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: d. function independently. 9.1-50. One exception to the contralateral (crossed) representation of sensory information in the brain is the __________ system. a. visual b. auditory c. gustatory d. olfactory e. motor Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-50 Page Ref: 260 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: d. olfactory 9.1-51. One of the first things that a patient will report following the split-brain operation is that a. he or she has difficulty seeing stimuli presented to the left visual field. b. his or her right side becomes numb periodically. c. her or his left hand seems to have a mind of its own. d. he or she cannot track visual stimuli that are moving from left to right. e. she or he is more prone to visual illusions. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-51 Page Ref: 260 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: c. her or his left hand seems to have a mind of its own. 9.1-52. Following the split-brain operation, a person is unable to verbally report odors that are presented to the _________ nostril but can use the _________ hand to select an object that corresponds to the odor. a. left; left b. right; right c. left; right d. right; left e. both nostrils and both hands are equally effective Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-52 Page Ref: 260-261 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. right; left 9.1-53. When information is presented only to the left visual field, a person who received the splitbrain operation is unable to respond verbally to it because the a. person is unable to perceive the information. b. person does not perceive the information accurately. c. information cannot be relayed to the left hemisphere. d. information is lost in memory before the person can verbalize a description of it. e. person is unable to verbalize. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 9.1-53 Page Ref: 261 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Applied Answer: c. information cannot be relayed to the left hemisphere. 9.1-54. If a person who received the split-brain operation smells a rose with her right nostril only, would she be able to identify the rose by pointing to a picture of it? a. Yes, with her left hand only. b. Yes, with her right hand only. c. Yes, with either hand. d. No, regardless of which hand she used. e. No, because there would be no conscious recognition of the smell. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-54 Page Ref: 261 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Applied Answer: a. Yes, with her left hand only. 9.1-55. If a person who has received the split-brain operation attempts to assemble a puzzle, this person's best bet for successful completion of the task is to a. use both hands. b. use his or her left hand. c. use his or her right hand. d. use the left hand first, then use the right hand. e. use the right hand first, then the left hand. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-55 Page Ref: 261 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. use his or her left hand. 9.1-56. The person who discovered the modern phenomenon of hypnosis was a. Freud. b. Barber. c. Hilgard. d. Mesmer. e. Adler. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-56 Page Ref: 262 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: d. Mesmer. 9.1-57. A person undergoing hypnosis can do all of the following EXCEPT a. be alert. b. be tense. c. be involved in an activity in addition to hypnosis. d. have his or her eyes open. e. decrease her or his hypnotic susceptibility. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-57 Page Ref: 262 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: e. decrease her or his hypnotic susceptibility. 9.1-58. The essential factor in hypnotizing a susceptible person is that she or he be a. alert and active. b. quiet and relaxed. c. focused on the hypnotist's words. d. aware that he or she is going to be hypnotized. e. alert and focused on the hypnotist's words. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-58 Page Ref: 262 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: d. aware that he or she is going to be hypnotized. 9.1-59. The willingness to conform to a hypnotist's instructions is an example of a. a trance. b. hallucination. c. dissociation. d. suggestibility. e. susceptibility. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-59 Page Ref: 262 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: d. suggestibility. 9.1-60. When a hypnotist suggests to the person that a particular action will occur involuntarily, this is termed a(n) _________ suggestion. a. cognitive b. challenge c. ideomotor d. autonomic e. passive Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-60 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: c. ideomotor 9.1-61. When a hypnotist suggests that the hypnotized individual will be unable to perform a normally voluntary action, this is termed a _________ suggestion a. cognitive b. challenge c. ideomotor d. autonomic e. passive Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-61 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: b. challenge 9.1-62. Alanna was hypnotized while in the last week of pregnancy and told that when she was in labor she would feel no pain. This instruction is termed a _________ suggestion a. cognitive b. challenge c. ideomotor d. autonomic e. passive Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-62 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Applied Answer: a. cognitive 9.1-63. When he was under hypnosis, Alia was given instructions to yell out "I love radishes" when he returned to a non-hypnotic state and saw the hypnotist look at her watch. This is, in fact, what happened. Alia's behavior is an example of posthypnotic a. amnesia. b. recall. c. suggestion. d. susceptibility. e. dissociation. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-63 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Applied Answer: c. suggestion. 9.1-64. The tendency of a person to engage in the behaviors recommended by a hypnotist some time after the person has left the hypnotic state is called posthypnotic a. thought. b. hint. c. suggestibility. d. recommendation. e. susceptibility. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-64 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: c. suggestibility. 9.1-65. A failure to remember what occurred during hypnosis as a result of a suggestion made by the hypnotist during the hypnotic state is called posthypnotic a. forgetting. b. interference. c. retrieval failure. d. amnesia. e. agnosia. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-65 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: d. amnesia. 9.1-66. While in a hypnotic state, Arnold was told by the hypnotist that, although he would not remember these instructions, when he was in a normal state again, he would sing the song "Feelings" every time someone asked him how he was. The hypnotist woke him from the trance and asked him how he was feeling. Arnold broke into song looking rather puzzled by what he had done. This is an example of posthypnotic a. skepticism. b. suggestion. c. amnesia. d. susceptibility. e. suggestion and amnesia. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-66 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Applied Answer: e. suggestion and amnesia. 9.1-67. Research by Miller and colleagues using the Ponzo illusion indicates that the changes in perception, behavior, and thinking that are induced by hypnosis are actually changes in the hypnotized person's a. visual system. b. auditory system. c. verbal reports. d. visual and auditory systems. e. auditory system and verbal reports. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-67 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: c. verbal reports. 9.1-68. Hypnosis exerts its greatest effects on people's a. perceptions. b. sensory systems. c. memory systems. d. verbal system. e. visual system. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-68 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: d. verbal system. 9.1-69. Which of the following statements about hypnotized people is TRUE? a. Hypnotized people experience actual changes in their perceptions. b. A hypnotized person does not actually experience changes in his or her perceptions, but only verbally reports that he or she does. c. The sensory systems do not process information from the environment during hypnosis. d. What a person will actually perceive while under hypnosis, depends on his or her level of intelligence. e. During hypnosis, the hypnotist's nonverbal behavior is as important as her or his verbal behavior. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-69 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: b. A hypnotized person does not actually experience changes in his or her perceptions, but only verbally reports that he or she does. 9.1-70. Hypnotically induced blindness is best considered a. altered activity in the individual's verbal system. b. altered activity in the individual's visual system. c. intense suggestibility. d. dissociation of the visual system. e. altered activity in the individual's other sensory systems. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-70 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: a. altered activity in the individual's verbal system. 9.1-71. Sleep is considered to be a state of a. unconsciousness. b. consciousness. c. altered consciousness. d. suspended consciousness. e. overconsciousness. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-71 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. altered consciousness. 9.1-72. When measuring the electrophysiology of a sleeper's muscle activity, the output is an a. Electro-oculogram. b. electromyogram. c. electroencephalogram. d. electrocardiogram. e. electroisogram Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-72 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: b. electromyogram. 9.1-73. When measuring the electrophysiology of a sleeper's eye movements, the output is an a. electro-oculogram. b. electromyogram. c. electroencephalogram. d. electrocardiogram. e. electroisogram. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-73 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. electro-oculogram. 9.1-74. Tara is a subject in a sleep study. She has electrodes attached to the skin around her eyes in order to measure the electrical activity that accompanies their movement. This procedure will produce an a. EEG. b. EMG. c. EOG. d. EKG. e. EIG. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-74 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Applied Answer: c. EOG. 9.1-75. During periods of arousal or alertness, EEG recordings of the brain's electrical activity generally show __________ activity. a. alpha b. beta c. theta d. delta e. gamma Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-75 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: b. beta 9.1-76. During stage 4 sleep, EEG recordings of the brain's electrical activity generally show __________ activity. a. alpha b. beta c. theta d. delta e. gamma Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-76 Page Ref: 264-265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: d. delta 9.1-77. During periods of relaxation, EEG recordings of the brain's electrical activity generally show __________ activity. a. alpha b. beta c. theta d. delta e. gamma Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-77 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. alpha 9.1-78. After the transition from drowsiness to the first stage of sleep, EEG recordings of the brain's electrical activity generally show __________ activity. a. alpha b. beta c. theta d. delta e. gamma Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-78 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. theta 9.1-79. During slow wave or deep sleep, EEG recordings of the brain's electrical activity generally show __________ activity. a. alpha b. beta c. theta d. delta e. gamma Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-79 Page Ref: 264-265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: d. delta 9.1-80. Before rapid eye movement sleep occurs, a. sleep spindles double in frequency b. there is a return to stages 3, 2, and 1. c. the sleeper is in stage 4. d. the EEG goes momentarily flat. e. the EOG shows an absence of eye movements. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-80 Page Ref: 264-265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. there is a return to stages 3, 2, and 1. 9.1-81. After we turn out the lights at night and fall asleep, it generally takes us __________ minutes to fall into stage 4 sleep. a. about 30 b. about 60 c. less than 90 d. about 120 e. about 180 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-81 Page Ref: 265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. less than 90 9.1-82. Which stages of sleep are referred to as slow-wave sleep? a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 3 c. 3 and 4 d. 4 and 5 e. 1 and 3 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-82 Page Ref: 265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. 3 and 4 9.1-83. How many stages of sleep are there (including REM sleep)? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7 e. 8 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-83 Page Ref: 264-265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: b. 5 9.1-84. As the night goes on, periods of REM sleep __________ and episodes of slow-wave sleep __________. a. get longer; get shorter b. get shorter; get longer c. get longer; stay about the same d. stay about the same; get shorter e. get longer; get longer Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-84 Page Ref: 265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. get longer; get shorter 9.1-85. During a night's sleep, how many cycles of REM sleep will a person typically experience? a. 1 or 2 b. 2 or 3 c. 4 or 5 d. 6 or 7 e. 8 to 10 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-85 Page Ref: 265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. 4 or 5 9.1-86. REM involves all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a. rapid EEG waves. b. dreams. c. genital activity. d. rythmic muscle activity. e. rapid eye movement. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-86 Page Ref: 265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: d. rythmic muscle activity. 9.1-87. Vivian is in a period of REM sleep. She will exhibit all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a. rapid EEG waves. b. dreams. c. increased vaginal secretions. d. facial movements. e. rapid eye movements. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-87 Page Ref: 264-265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Applied Answer: d. facial movements. 9.1-88. The simplest explanation for sleep is that it serves to a. repair. b. replace. c. recalibrate. d. recapture. e. replenish. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-88 Page Ref: 266 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. repair. 9.1-89. Extensive research investigating the effects of sleep deprivation indicates that a. there are no long-term physiological stress effects associated with sleep deprivation. b. sleep-deprived individuals have lowered sex drives. c. there are increases in physiological stress associated with sleep deprivation. d. there are long-term emotional effects associated with sleep deprivation. e. it has a marked effect on the ability to perform physical exercise. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-89 Page Ref: 266 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. there are no long-term physiological stress effects associated with sleep deprivation. 9.1-90. Sleep deprivation has been found to interfere with a. the ability to perform physical tasks. b. the ability to react to stressful situations. c. language abilities. d. the ability to perform tasks that require concentration. e. speech abilities. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-90 Page Ref: 266 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: d. the ability to perform tasks that require concentration. 9.1-91. Jacob is suddenly awakened by his sister. He appears groggy and confused, indicating that he has probably been awakened during __________ sleep. a. stage 1 b. REM c. stage 2 d. stage 4 e. stage 3 Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-91 Page Ref: 266 Topic: Sleep Skill: Applied Answer: d. stage 4 9.1-92. The brain appears to get a chance for rest during __________ sleep. a. stage 2 b. stage 4 c. stage 3 d. REM e. stage 1 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-92 Page Ref: 266 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: b. stage 4 9.1-93. If sleep repairs the wear and tear of the day's activities on the body, then a. we should all need about the same amount of sleep each night. b. sedentary people should need more sleep each night than active people. c. active people should need more sleep each night than sedentary people. d. persons in dangerous occupations should need more sleep than those in other occupations. e. males should need more sleep than females. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-93 Page Ref: 266 Topic: Sleep Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. active people should need more sleep each night than sedentary people. 9.1-94. Kristoff has spent the day taking exams. The effect on his sleeping patterns that night should be a. an increase in REM sleep. b. a decrease in stage 1 sleep. c. an increase in stage 4 sleep. d. a decrease in REM sleep. e. greater incidence of nightmares. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-94 Page Ref: 266 Topic: Sleep Skill: Applied Answer: c. an increase in stage 4 sleep. 9.1-95. Dreams that involve static situations (as opposed to narratives) that are often frightening occur mainly during __________ sleep. a. REM b. slow-wave c. stage 1 d. stage 2 e. both stage 1 and stage 2 Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-95 Page Ref: 267 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: b. slow-wave 9.1-96. Anya reports that she never has any dreams. It is most likely that a. she never enters the stage of REM sleep. b. her stages of sleep are reversed. c. she exercises excessively. d. she fails to remember her dreams. e. she suffers from a brain defect. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-96 Page Ref: 267 Topic: Sleep Skill: Applied Answer: d. she fails to remember her dreams. 9.1-97. According to Freud, dreams represent a. societal stressors. b. uninhibited wishes. c. the collective unconscious. d. unfulfilled wishes. e. the subconscious. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-97 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: d. unfulfilled wishes. 9.1-98. Maiya awoke from an unusual dream and had the presence of mind to write a brief description. Later that day she asked her psychology professor about the possible meaning of the dream. In Freudian terms, Maiya was interested in learning more about her dream's a. background meaning. b. manifest content. c. psychoanalytic content. d. latent content. e. hidden messages. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-98 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Applied Answer: d. latent content. 9.1-99. Hobson and Pace-Schott proposed a theory of dreaming that includes memory consolidation during a. stage 1. b. stage 2. c. slow-wave sleep. d. REM sleep. e. both slow-wave and REM sleep. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-99 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: e. both slow-wave and REM sleep. 9.1-100. The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming includes all of the following EXCEPT a. the cortical conversion of latent to manifest content. b. creation of subjective interpretation. c. consolidation of memories. d. communication of subjective interpretations. e. activation of the pons. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-100 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. the cortical conversion of latent to manifest content. 9.1-101. Arlotta has been participating in a study investigating the effects of REM sleep deprivation. After several nights of being awakened just as she entered each period of REM sleep, she is allowed to sleep through the entire night. Electrophysiological measurements revealed that on this night Arlotta a. slept about two hours longer than she normally does. b. slept about two hours longer than she did when she was deprived of REM sleep. c. spent the typical amount of time in REM sleep. d. spent more time than normal in REM sleep. e. spent less time than normal in REM sleep. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-101 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Applied Answer: d. spent more time than normal in REM sleep. 9.1-102. Research on REM sleep deprivation in animals indicates that REM sleep a. is irrelevant to learning. b. is crucial for physical health. c. may play a role in the learning of simple actions. d. impairs the ability to be alert and vigilant. e. may play a role in the learning of complex tasks. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-102 Page Ref: 269 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: e. may play a role in the learning of complex tasks. 9.1-103. A _________ is a daily cycle involving changes in behavior and physiological processes. a. REM rhythm b. sleep-awake cycle c. regulation rhythm d. circadian rhythm e. positive oscillation Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-103 Page Ref: 270 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: d. circadian rhythm 9.1-104. Which brain structure contains the suprachiasmatic nuclei that control circadian rhythms? a. Hypothalamus b. Hippocampus c. Corpus callosum d. Cerebellum e. Thalamus Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-104 Page Ref: 270 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. Hypothalamus 9.1-105. Activity in which brain region most directly causes the onset of sleep? a. the release of acetylcholine. b. activation of the cerebral cortex. c. day/night cycles. d. muscle paralysis. e. rapid eye movements. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-105 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. day/night cycles. 9.1-106. The brain region that has been implicated in the control of slow-wave sleep is the a. hypothalamus. b. thalamus. c. suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). d. preoptic area. e. pons. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-106 Page Ref: 271 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: d. preoptic area. 9.1-107. Which is the most accurate statement about consciousness? a. The ability to communicate symbolically with ourselves may give rise to consciousness. b. Consciousness is not an essential human trait because the evolutionary function of consciousness has never been discovered. c. The language area of the brain is the most likely location of the center of consciousness. d. It is unlikely we will understand human consciousness because the necessary research would be unethical. e. One characteristic that separates humans from nonhuman animals is consciousness. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-107 Page Ref: 249-250 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: a. The ability to communicate symbolically with ourselves may give rise to consciousness. 9.1-108. Based on his research findings, which of the following events did Libet consider the earliest to occur? a. Conscious intent b. Observable action c. The readiness potential d. The preparatory potential e. Long-term potentiation Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-108 Page Ref: 251 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: c. The readiness potential 9.1-109. Auditory or visual information that people do not pay attention to a. cannot affect behavior. b. usually does not enter consciousness. c. does not affect verbal processing. d. normally produces only episodic memories. e. is easily encoded from sensory memory into short-term memory. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-109 Page Ref: 252 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: b. usually does not enter consciousness. 9.1-110. Which of the following most closely resembles dichotic listening? a. Inhibition of return b. The cocktail-party phenomenon c. Blindsight d. Visual agnosia e. Cerebral achromatopsia Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-110 Page Ref: 253-255 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. The cocktail-party phenomenon 9.1-111. PET scans of human subjects who watched colored rectangles for changes in either shape, color, or speed of movement showed increased levels of brain activity a. that varied directly with the speed at which the rectangles were displayed. b. only until subjects accurately learned to anticipate changes in the attributes of the rectangles. c. in brain regions that analyze shape, color, or speed of movement. d. each time the subjects were instructed to follow a different attribute of the rectangles. e. predominantly in the left superior parietal and temporal lobes. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-111 Page Ref: 257 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: c. in brain regions that analyze shape, color, or speed of movement. 9.1-112. The case of the man who could not recognize common objects by sight suggests that consciousness a. is simply an activity of the brain's speech mechanism. b. is synonymous with the ability to talk about perceptions and memories. c. and self-awareness are different phenomena. d. is necessary for learning. e. is easily confused by habituation experiences. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-112 Page Ref: 258-259 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. is synonymous with the ability to talk about perceptions and memories. 9.1-113. __________ is to alertness as __________ is to stage 4 sleep. a. Delta activity; beta activity b. Delta activity; alpha activity c. Beta activity; delta activity d. Alpha activity; delta activity e. Theta activity; beta activity Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-113 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Beta activity; delta activity 9.1-114. Bouts of REM sleep a. occur during all stages of sleep. b. are accompanied by muscular paralysis. c. occur at irregular intervals throughout the night. d. are accompanied by delta activity in the EEG. e. are symptomatic of sleeping disorders. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-114 Page Ref: 265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: b. are accompanied by muscular paralysis. 9.1-115. Sleep deprivation studies suggest that sleep is required a. to rest the body. b. to keep the body in good physiological shape. c. to rest the brain. d. in order not to impair the ability to engage in physical exercise. e. to encourage neurogenesis. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-115 Page Ref: 266 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. to rest the brain. 9.1-116. The remembered content of a dream is referred to as a. vivid content. b. latent content. c. manifest content. d. active content. e. lucid content. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-116 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. manifest content. 9.1-117. Hobson and Pace-Schott suggest that the plots and images of a dream are a. an attempt to resolve unconscious conflicts and desires. b. the products of activation of recent memories that the brain ties together somehow to make a plausible story. c. unrelated to the physiological functions of REM sleep. d. affected by the memories and experiences of our ancestors. e. functions of REM deprivation. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-117 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: b. the products of activation of recent memories that the brain ties together somehow to make a plausible story. 9.1-118. REM sleep-deprived subjects who are permitted to sleep normally again __________ during the next night or two. a. have difficulty entering REM sleep b. experience characteristics of REM sleep intruding in other sleep stages c. show a rebound effect d. experience bouts of insomnia e. experience a predominance of non REM sleep Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-118 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: c. show a rebound effect 9.1-119. Have you ever asked someone what they just said and then realized that you already knew what they had just said? This phenomenon is explained as a. a temporary sensory storage. b. the cocktail party effect. c. dichotic listening. d. nonconscious processing. e. inhibition of return. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-119 Page Ref: 254 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Applied Answer: a. a temporary sensory storage. 9.1-120. You agree to participate in a psychological experiment. You put on a helmet that feeds visual input to you from about 2 meters behind you. What is the research most likely trying to study? a. Out-of-body experience (OBE) b. Near-death-experience (NDE) c. Posthypnotic suggestion d. The split brain condition e. Embodied unconsciousness Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-120 Page Ref: 261 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Applied Answer: a. Out-of-body experience (OBE) 9.1-121. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sleep's effects on memory? a. REM sleep facilitates nondeclarative consolidation. b. Slow-wave sleep facilitates nondeclarative consolidation. c. REM sleep inhibits nondeclarative consolidation. d. Slow-wave sleep inhibits nondeclarative consolidation. e. Sleep has no effect on consolidation of long-term memories, just short-term memories. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.1-121 Page Ref: 266-267 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. REM sleep facilitates nondeclarative consolidation. 9.1-122. Which of the following terms belong together? a. Cataplexy and narcolepsy b. Insomnia and narcolepsy c. Cataplexy and insomnia d. Insomnia and sleep attack e. Insomnia and nocturnal enuresis Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-122 Page Ref: 269 Topic: Sleep Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. Cataplexy and narcolepsy 9.1-123. Your doctor breaks the bad news to you: Your hypocretin-secreting neurons no longer function due to an autoimmune disorder you inherited from one of your parents. What do you likely suffer from? a. Narcolepsy b. Insomnia c. Nocturnal enuresis d. Somnambulism e. Sleep-related eating disorder Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-123 Page Ref: 269 Topic: Sleep Skill: Applied Answer: a. Narcolepsy 9.1-124. Which two diagnoses may occur with sleep-related eating disorder? a. Restless leg syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea b. Narcolepsy and cataplexy c. Insomnia and cataplexy d. Nocturnal enuresis and somnambulism e. Insomnia and delayed steep phase syndrome Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-124 Page Ref: 270 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. Restless leg syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea 9.1-125. What activates sleep neurons? a. Night time and adenosine b. Suppression of adenosine c. Histamines d. SCN inhibitors e. Noradenosine Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.1-125 Page Ref: 271 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: a. Night time and adenosine Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 9.2-1. The ability to communicate symbolically give rise to __________ . Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-1 Page Ref: 250 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: consciousness 9.2-2. According to the top-hat illusion, of two objects of equal length, the vertical one will appear __________ than the horizontal one. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-2 Page Ref: 251 Topic: Consciousness as a Langauge-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: longer 9.2-3. __________ attention is technically the same as multitasking. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-3 Page Ref: 252 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: Divided 9.2-4. Shadowing is what participants are asked to do when they are involved in a __________ test. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-4 Page Ref: 253 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Answer: dichotic listening 9.2-5. The term for being able to carry on a conversation over the din of a crowded room of people is called the __________ phenomenon. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-5 Page Ref: 254-255 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Applied Answer: cocktail-party 9.2-6. In Simon and Chabris' famous experiment, while participants were counting basketball passes, they did not notice __________ . Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-6 Page Ref: 256 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: a woman in a gorilla suit 9.2-7. __________ blindness occurs when modifications are not noticed. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-7 Page Ref: 257 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: Change 9.2-8. Similar to tip-of-the-tongue experiences, if you can name an object by touch but not by sight, you may be suffering from visual __________ . Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-8 Page Ref: 258 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: agnosia 9.2-9. What procedure is justifiable for grand mal epileptic seizures that allows scientists to explore the functions of the two cerebral hemispheres? The __________ operation. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-9 Page Ref: 260 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Factual Answer: split-brain 9.2-10. __________ suggestions are the type of hypnotic suggestions that render individuals unable to do tasks they could otherwise perform. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-10 Page Ref: 263 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Answer: Challenge 9.2-11. An EOG measures __________ movements. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-11 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: eye 9.2-12. __________ activity represents an EEG measurement of being wide awake. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-12 Page Ref: 264 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: Alpha 9.2-13. Somnambulism is another term for __________ . Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-13 Page Ref: 270 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: sleepwalking 9.2-14. __________ content is to hidden meaning as __________ content is to storyline of dreams. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-14 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Conceptual Answer: Latent/manifest 9.2-15. __________ includes difficulty with both falling asleep and staying asleep. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.2-15 Page Ref: 269 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: Insomnia Essay Questions 9.3-1. What is the relationship between consciousness and the ability to communicate? Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.3-1 Page Ref: 249-250 Topic: Consciousness as a Language-Dependent Phenomenon Skill: Factual Answer: The answer should address the symbolic nature of communication and its role in becoming aware of our own and other people's perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories. 9.3-2. Define selective attention and describe its role in the processing of auditory information. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.3-2 Page Ref: 252-255 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Factual Answer: The answer should begin with a definition of selective attention. Next, it should describe research that has examined the role of selective attention in dichotic listening tasks. This part of the response should include a description of what shadowing is and how it is used in these tasks. A strong answer will discuss the findings from particular studies, such as McKay's (1973) and Triesman's (1960) and may refer to the cocktail-party phenomenon. 9.3-3. What do studies of inattentional blindness tell us about selective attention to surprising visual events? In your answer, describe research on inattentional blindness. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.3-3 Page Ref: 256-257 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Conceptual Answer: The answer should define inattentional blindness and describe Simons and Chabris' "gorilla" study. A strong answer would also go on to describe a change blindness study. Finally, the answer should draw the conclusion that we do not always notice surprising visual events if our attention is focused elsewhere and we rely on the stability or continuity of the surrounding context. 9.3-4. What brain mechanisms appear to be involved in selective attention for vision? Ground your answer in research described in your textbook. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.3-4 Page Ref: 257 Topic: Selective Attention Skill: Conceptual Answer: The answer should describe Corbetta et al.'s (1991) research that showed that different regions of the visual association cortex are activated when subjects focus their visual attention on specific aspects of a stimulus (such as color or shape). 9.3-5. What has research with the split-brain operation taught investigators about the nature of consciousness? Be sure to describe research evidence supporting your assertions. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.3-5 Page Ref: 260-261 Topic: Consciousness and the Brain Skill: Conceptual Answer: The answer should begin by describing the operation. Next, the answer should describe some of the subtle changes in behavior it produces. Finally, the answer should relate the separate functions of each cerebral hemisphere to the experience of consciousness. 9.3-6. Describe the electrophysiology of the various stages of sleep. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.3-6 Page Ref: 264-265 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: The answer should identify each stage of sleep and describe the brain wave activity associated with each. 9.3-7. From each of the major viewpoints covered in your textbook, describe the functions that are served by sleep. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.3-7 Page Ref: 265-267 Topic: Sleep Skill: Conceptual Answer: The answer should address the mysterious nature of sleep and the difficulty researchers have had in identifying the functions it serves. It should also outline the results of sleep deprivation studies that have attempted to identify the effects on the brain and body of going without sleep for long periods. 9.3-8. What functions are served by dreaming? Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.3-8 Page Ref: 268 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: The answer should describe the Freudian view of dreams as a symbolic expression of unconscious desires and the Hobson and Pace-Schott view of dreams as resulting from brainactivation. Further, the answer should discuss the possible role of dreaming in learning. A strong answer will provide one or two examples of studies that illustrate research in this area. 9.3-9. Explain the differences in brain activity of normal and disordered sleep patterns. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 9.3-9 Page Ref: 269-271 Topic: Sleep Skill: Factual Answer: Students’ responses should cover, at minimum, insomnia and narcolepsy as well as circadian rhythms and functions of sleep neurons. The outstanding response will also include slow-wave sleep problems and go into detail regarding, for example, hypocretin-secreting neurons and adenosine.