Nursing 160 Exam 2 Review

NURSING 160 EXAM 2 REVIEWCOPD Assessment – What are the signs and symptoms?  Barrel Chest  Shortness of Breath  Lung Crackling  Clubbed Fingers What is Lasix?  Loop diuretic that promotes Diuresis (Removes excess fluid)  Causes Blood Pressure and Potassium to Drop What is Metoprolol?  Beta Blocker. Treats –  High Blood Pressure  Chest Pain (Angina)  Heart Failure  It may lower the risk of death after a heart attack.  DO NOT CRUSH. What is Erythromycin?  Antibiotic that treats and prevents infection caused by bacteria What is Prednisone?  Corticosteroid that reduces inflammation. Ventilation –  Action of inspiration and exhalation of air, O2 into and out of lungs (COPD) Transport –  Physical movement of O2 from alveoli to cells for use and physical movement of CO2 from cells to lungs for removal (CHF) Perfusion –  Action of passing through barriers (PNEUMONIA) Emphysema is COPD  Destruction and enlargement of the air spaces. Symptoms  Shortness of Breath  Wheezing  Chronic Cough Treatments  Self-Care  Bronchodilators  Albuterol Inhaler  Prednisone Pneumonia is COPD A+  Inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid. Symptoms  Cough with Phlegm or Sputum (Rusty colored)  Fever  Chills  Difficulty Breathing Treatment  Antibiotics depending on type (Bacterial vs Viral)  Vaccines How long does a Nebulizer treatment last?  8 to 10 minutes What should you do with a patient before and after administering Albuterol/Nebulizer breathing treatment? And Why?  Auscultate the lungs (Listen) to ensure the treatment worked.  Oral care. Normal Pulse Oxygen – 95% to 100% | 92% is okay for those with COPD. Nasal Cannula – Flow at 24 to 44% FiO2 by the flow of 1-6L per minute. Reservoir Nasal Cannula- Delivers oxygen at 24% to 60% FiO2 and the rate is adjusted as needed. 1-15 L/min Venturi Mask – Delivers oxygen at 24% to 60% FiO2 and the rate is adjusted as needed. 4-12L/min Hypervolemia/Overhydration  Causes – Liver Disease  Kidney Problems  CHF  SIDAH (anti-diuretic hormone)  COPD  CKD  Salt Intake Signs and Symptoms  Nausea, vomiting  Headache Confusion  If left untreated, hyponatremia  Unconsciousness  Coma Treatment  Focus on getting rid of excess fluid. Taking diuretic medication to increase urine output. Focus on treating underlying cause. Nursing Interventions  Taking Patient’s weight every day to determine the amount of excess fluid in the body A+  Monitoring Intake and Output of Fluids  Positioning the body to facilitate the draining of fluids  Encouraging a low-sodium diet  Administering Diuretics Hypovolemia/Dehydration  Causes – Fever  Heat exposure, too much exercise  Vomiting, Diarrhea  Increased urination  No access to safe drinking water  Significant injuries in the skin – Burns, Mouth Sores, Infections Signs and Symptoms  Poor skin turgor  Dry mouth  Flat neck veins  Confusion  Drop in BP, Increased HR  Dizziness  Decreased and dark urine output Treatment  Fluid resuscitation is the mainstay of therapy in patients with severe hypovolemia. Although no clear definition exists, severe hypovolemia may be present when loss of blood or extracellular fluids results in decreased peripheral perfusion. Nursing Interventions  Monitor Vital Signs  Behavior  Output  Assess Patient  Notify Physician  Raise Legs  Push fluids  Give meds as prescribed  Patient may need to be tipped on head. Nursing Interventions for Fluid Imbalance  Listen to lungs first  Check IV  Check Weight  Check I&O’s