NR439 Exam 3 – Genetics Exam with Complete Solution

Ways to use genetics - ANSWER understanding hereditary diseases, develop new treatments, donor matches, paternity, forensics, evolution Leewenhoek's black male and white female experiment where the offspring was black, was what was thought to be explanation of (sperm gets father's traits) - ANSWER spermist proof In humans, there are how many chromosomes in somatic cells? - ANSWER 46 In mitosis (cell division), there are two cells of what kind? (46 chromosomes each) - ANSWER genetically identical gamete - ANSWER a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. gametes carry how many chromosomes? - ANSWER 23 Result of meiosis - ANSWER two nuclear divisions with one chromosome replication meiosis - ANSWER type of cell division that splits number of chromosomes in parent cell in half and produces four gamete cells. four stages of meiosis (hint: p, m, a, t) - ANSWER prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. fertilization of haploid (N) egg and haploid (N) sperm results in - ANSWER diploid (2N) zygote (further divisions are mitotic) in each cell of humans, there are how many pairs of autosomes? (not including the +1 pair of sex chromosomes) - ANSWER 22 pairs males have how many haploid cells? - ANSWER 16 females have how many diploid cells? - ANSWER 32 the foundation of classical science by - ANSWER Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel invented - ANSWER dominant/recessive inheritance, law of segregation, law of independent assortment What is the relationship between genes (genotype) and observable characteristics (phenotype)? - ANSWER phenotype = genotype + environment Mendel's principle of segregation - ANSWER alleles come in pairs that separate in the formation of gametes dominant homozygote will contain - ANSWER dominant allele for that trait advantages of pea plants - ANSWER many varieties, distinct features, mating can be controlled (each flower has sperm producing stamens and egg producing organs-carpel) character variants are also known as - ANSWER traits hybridization - ANSWER the mating of two, contrasting, true-breeding varieties in mendel's experiment, the P generation were the - ANSWER true-breeding parents in mendel's experiment, the purple and white flowered generation were the - ANSWER F2 generation In the F1 generation, all the flowers were all (purple) - ANSWER homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant allele - ANSWER alternative forms of gene coding for same trait (two alleles for each trait, located at same position on homologous chromosomes) in homologous chromosomes, every somatic cell contains two chromosomes with genes for the - ANSWER same traits, one from each parent mendel's principle of segregation - ANSWER alleles come in pairs that separate in the formation of gametes while only two alleles of a given gene are possible in an individual.. - ANSWER many alleles of a gene are possible within a population different genotypes can produce the same - ANSWER phenotype cross between individuals differing in single character = - ANSWER monohybrid cross how to tell the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype: (individual could be homozygous dominant heterozygous) - ANSWER testcross (breed mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual, if any offspring display recessive phenotype, then parent must be heterozygous) law of independent assortment states that - ANSWER two different traits will be inherited independently of one another during gamete formation (ex: seed shape and color) the law of independent assortment only applies to genes on.. - ANSWER different, non-homologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome. genes located near each other on the same chromosomes tend to.. - ANSWER be inherited together inheritance of characters by a single gene may deviate from simple mendelian patterns when.. - ANSWER alleles are not completely dominant or recessive (a gene has more than two alleles, a gene produces multiple phenotypes) in codominance.. - ANSWER neither allele is recessive and the phenotypes of both alleles are expressed in incomplete dominance.. - ANSWER the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties (red and pink roses, heterozygote different from homozygote) though most genes exist in pops in more than two allelic forms, every individual carries.. - ANSWER only two alleles per trait