Nr 283 Final Exam Guide 2022/2023

NR I283 IFinal IExam IGuide I CHAPTER I2: IFLUID, IELECTROLYTE IAND IACID-BASE IBALANCE I(5 Iquestions) 1. EDEMA Increased Icapillary Ipermeability 2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA -Cardiac Idysrhythmias 3. PARATHYROID IHORMONE I(4 IScenarios) -produced Iin Iparathyroid Igland Iwhich Iare Ifour Ipea-sized Iglands Ithat Ilie Ibehind Ithe Ithyroid Igland -Calcium Ibalance Iand Iphosphorus Ilevel Iis Icontrolled Iby Iparathyroid Ihormone -Hypoparathyroidism Ican Ilead Ito Ihypocalcemia -Hyperparathyroidism Ican Ilead Ito Ihypercalcemia Iand Ibone Idemineralization Ithat Imay Icause Ispontaneousfractures. I 4. ACIDOSIS I(He Isaid Igeneral/systemic Ieffect Iof Iacidosis) -Excess Ihydrogen Iions -Decrease Iin Iserum IpH -Addition Iof Ibicarbonate Ito Ithe Iblood Ito Ireverse Iacidosis I(lactate Isolution) ****Effects Iof IAcidosis Direct Ieffect Iof Iacidosis Iare Imanifested Iby Ithe INervous ISytem: -Impaired Inervous Isystem Ifunction -Headache -Lethargy -Weakness -Confusion -Coma Iand Ideath -Compensation -Deep Irapid Ibreathing I(Kussmaul’s Irespirations) -Secretion Iof Iurine Iwith Ia Ilow IpH 5. RESPIRATORY IDEPRESSION I(related Ito Ianesthesia/drugs Ion Ihow Icompensation Ihappens) -Compensation Ihappens Ifor Ianesthesia, Iincrease Iin Isecretion Iof IH+ Iions Iinto Ifiltrate CHAPTER I5: IINFLAMMATION IAND IHEALING I(5 Iquestions) 1. TEARS -nonspecific/First Iline Iof Idefense/mechanical Ibarrier 2. CONTROLLING IELEVATED ITEMPERATURE -body Iresponse Ithru Ivasodilation, Isweating, Ilethargy Iand Ibody Iextend 3. ICE IAND IEDEMA -Ice/cold Icause Ivasoconstriction, Idecreasing Ipain Iand Iedema 4. ASPIRIN -aspirin Iin Ipediatrics Irisk Ifor IReye’s ISyndrome, Icomplication Iinvolves Ibrain Iand Iliver Idamage Iand Ican Ibefatal I . 5. NEUTROPHILS -nonspecific, Iphagocytize Ibacteria -neutrophils I(a Ileukocytes) Iand Imacrophage Irandomly Iengulf Iand Idestroy Ibacteria, Icell Idebris Iand Iforeignmatter I CHAPTER I12: ICARDIOVASCULAR ISYSTEM IDISORDERS I(10 Iquestions) 1. ANGINA ***NITROGLYCERIN I -Occurs Iwhen Ithere Iis Ia Ideficit Iof Ioxygen Ito Imeet Imyocardial Ineeds 2. MYOCARDIAL IINFARCTION I(MI) -death Iof Icardiac Imuscle Iresulting Ifrom Iprolonged Iischemia ***How Iis IMI IDiagnosed? -Diagnosis Iis Iconfirmed Ithrough Ielectrocardiogram I(ECG) Ichanges Iand Iserum Ienzyme Iand Iisoenzymelevels. I I -Serum Ilevels Iof Imyosin Iand Icardiac Itroponin Iare Ielevated; -serum Ielectrolyte Ilevels Imay Ibe Iabnormal; -leukocytosis Iand Ian Ielevated IC-reactive Iprotein I(CRP) Iand Ierythrocyte Isedimentation Irate I(ESR) Iarecommon; I -arterial Iblood Igas Iis Ialtered. - IPulmonary Iartery Ipressure Imeasurements Ishould Ibe Iconducted Ito Idetermine Iventricular Ifunction. 3. CONGESTIVE IHEART IFAILURE I(CHF) -Heart Iis Iunable Ito Ipump Iout Isufficient Iblood Ito Imeet Imetabolic Idemands Iof Ithe Ibody. 4. BETA-ADRENERGICS I(slows Iheart Irate) -Prevent Iincreased Iheart Irate Iin Iresponse Ito ISympathetic INervous ISystem Iand ICholamines -example: IMetoprolol I(Lopressor), IAtenolol, IPropranolol, INadolol 5. ENDOCARDITIS I(Infective IEndocarditis) *Subacute Iis Icaused Iby IStreptococcus Iviridans ----(Low Ivirulent) *Acute Iis Icaused Iby IStaphylococcus Iaureus --- (High Ivirulent) 6. PERICARDITIS -leads Ito Ia Ilarge Ivolume Iof Ifluid Iaccumulating Iin Ithe Ipericardial Icavity, Ifilling Iof Ithe Iheart Iis Irestricted Iand Icardiac Ioutput Iis Ireduced Iby Ipreventing Iventricle Iin Ifilling. 7. SEPTAL IDEFECT -Shunt Ifrom Ileft I→ Iright Ibecause Ipressure Iis Ihigher Iin Ileft Iventricle 8. SEPTIC ISHOCK I(Endotoxic) -endotoxin Ifrom Igram Inegative Ibacteria Ican Ilead Ito Ivasodilation Ileading Ito Ilife Ithreatening Ihypotension