NRNP 6675 Midterm Study Guide

NRNP 6675 Midterm Study Guide SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS Description Substance use disorders are a cluster of disorders in which cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicate that a person continues using a substance despite significant substance-related problems Psychiatric symptom clusters may be related to substance use, discontinuation of substance use, or withdrawal from habitual substance use. Substance use disorders lead to changes in brain circuits and physiological functions that lead to a need for detoxification and a possible need for long-term treatment. The word substance can describe a drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin that produces psychoactivation and alters cognitive, behavioral, and affective perceptions. Dependence: repeated use of a substance with or without physical dependence Abuse: use that is inconsistent with sociality use patterns Misuse: usually applies to a prescribed substance Intoxication: reversible syndrome caused by a specific substance affecting memory, judgment, behavior, or social or occupational functioning Withdrawal: substance-specific symptoms that occur after stopping or reducing use Tolerance: needing more of the substance to get the desired effect Etiology Multiple theories ranging from psychological to neurobiological Probable multifactorial etiological profile Two common types of theories: psychodynamic and biological Psychodynamic theory Behaviors of abuse are seated in oral-stage fixation. A person seeks gratification through oral behaviors. Maladaptive regressive behaviors can become overlearned, fixed, and reinforced through dysfunctional family patterns. Sociocultural factors attempt to explain population-based differences in substance abuse rates.