Family theory: be able to identify a family developmental stage by a description.
Family theory: be able to identify a family developmental stage by a description.
Stage 1: Beginning family- Married couple establish home but no children
Developmental Tasks: Establishing a satisfying home and marriage relationship and
preparing for childbirth
Stage 2: Childbearing Family- From birth of 1st child until that child is 2 ½ years old
Developmental Task: Adjusting to increased family size and providing a positive
developmental environment
Stage 3: Family with Preschoolers- Oldest child is between 2 ½ and 6
Developmental tasks (DT): coping with demands on energy and attention with less
privacy at home
Stage 4: Family with School Children- When oldest child is between ages of 6 and 13
DT: Promoting educational achievement and fitting in with the community of families
with school-age children
Stage 5: Family with Teenagers- Oldest child is between ages of 13 and 20
DT: Allowing and helping children to become more independent
Stage 6: Launching Centre- When oldest child leaves family until the youngest leaves home
DT: Releasing young adults and accepting new ways of relating to them; maintaining a
supportive home base
Stage 7: Empty Nest- From time children are gone till couple retires
DT: Renewing and redefining marriage relationship; preparing for retirement years
Stage 8: Aging Family- From retirement till death of the marriage partner
DT: Adjusting to retirement; coping with death and living alone.
Growth/development: Identify normal vs. abnormal development if given a description of patient
behaviors. Define the diagnosis and meaning of Autism.
● Jean Piaget—developmental psychologist; cognitive development theories
● Piaget’s Theory:
Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Development is driven by motor development; coordination
of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity. Language used for demands and
cataloging. Object permanence developed.
Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to
express full concepts. Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thought
still difficult. Conservation developed.
Important milestones
Age Milestones
Newborn ● Vision is highly limited at birth (8-12 inches)
, ● Fixes on moving objects
● Prefers human face; establishes eye contact around one month of age
● Infant will tend to lay in flexed position; will turn head from side to side
● On horizontal suspension there will be some head sagging, but infant should not
be hypotonic
● All primitive reflexes should be present
Moro, grasp, rooting, tonic neck, etc.
● Infant should regain birthweight by 2 weeks and grow 30 g/day until 4 months of
age
● (birth weight should double at this point) If they are premature, you have to
correct for that
● Reacts to voice by one month of age—if child is not reacting, think of hearing loss
● Crying peaks around 6 weeks of age (up to 3 hours per day)
1 month old Reacts to voice, establishes eye contact
2 months old ● Infant is able to differentiate among patterns, colors, and consonants, but due to
the baby’s yet-limited ability to communicate, this may be difficult to notice
● Infant should be able to track an object horizontally at 180 degrees—can track to
midline
● Head lag should be gone and the head and trunk should be held in the same plane
on horizontal suspension
● Social smile
● Will listen to voice and make cooing sounds—cooing is vocal development, not
language
● Infant should be able to hold head steady while sitting in lap
● Infant should be able to raise head slightly when laying in prone position—
TUMMY
TIME!!
Increases risk of SIDS if put to bed on stomach
4 months old Recognizes hand
● Infant becomes noticeably more distracted by surroundings
● Infant explores own body, especially hands and mouth
● Sense of proprioception begins to mature
● Infant will begin to recognize emotions in others and may mirror such emotions
(sustained social smile & laughing)
● Object permanence has not yet developed, so peek-a-boo will amuse the infant
● Infant should be able to lift head above plane when held in horizontal suspension
● Infant should be able to grasp objects like a rattle and may reach for objects held
above him/her
, ● Primitive reflexes may begin to disappear
May be able to manipulate objects with both hands
Inspect hands at midline
● Infant will show more purposeful motor activity
● Growth slows to 20 g/day until 1 yoa; birthweight should have doubled
● Infant will begin to show distinct facial expressions in various scenarios
● May show displeasure if social contact is broken—baby recognizes that social
contact is “bonding” and may get upset with separating
● Recognizes sight of food and often becomes excited
6 months old Grasps, visualizes, manipulates objects
● As primitive reflexes disappear, infants have more ability to grasp, visualize,
manipulate, and explore objects
● Objects tend to go to the mouth first. This underscores the importance of keeping
small objects and unsafe toys away from the baby.
● Babies at this age enjoy dropping objects because they believe they have made
them disappear.
● Infant should be able to sit up without support but not necessarily in an erect
position
● May be able to roll over and crawl
● Primitive reflexes should be gone
● Infant should be able to transfer objects from hand to hand
● Infant will typically prefer mother or primary caretaker
● Stranger anxiety begins to develop
● Peek-a-boo is often fun for child as object permanence hasn’t developed yet
9 months old Object permanence; recognizes name; consonant babbling
● Emergence of object permanence
Will uncover object if hidden
● Infant will be able to recognize and respond to his/her name
● Language progresses to monosyllabic babbling or consonant voicing in inflections
that resemble the native language
● May say “mama’ or “dada”, however, it’s not clear if infant necessarily
knows the meaning or if it’s just mimicry
● Infant should be able to crawl and roll over by this point and sit straight without
support
● Pincer grasp develops
● Infant is often able to walk with assistance, holding on or both hands/arms
● Baby will often “cruise”, which helps the baby develop muscle strength for walking
● Development of object permanence often makes separation more difficult as child
will realize caretaker has not disappeared but is gone
● Increased wariness of strangers
, ● Monosyllabic babbling –will reflect the inflection of the language that they’re
around
● Baby should understand “bye-bye” and may wave
1 year old (12 ● Say or recognize a few words
months) ● Baby should be able to say or recognize a word other than “mama’ or “dada”
● Cognitive development is particularly nurtured at this period as baby begins to
walk and navigate away from caretaker
● Birthweight should have tripled by first birthday; length increased by 50%; head
circumference increased by 10 cm
● Baby should be able to stand on his/her own
● Baby is cruising by this point, and is often able to walk, at least with one hand held
● Often able to turn pages of a book—start exposing baby to picture books
● Makes postural adjustment to dressing
● May be able to respond to one step commands such as “give me”
● Tantrums often begin
Tantrums lasting longer than 15 minutes or occurring more than 3x/day
may reflect underlying medical, emotional or social problems
16 months old ● Follow some commands; indicate wants by pointing
● Classically, child should be able to build a 2 or 3 block tower
3 x baby’s age in years (roughly)
● While vocabulary is typically limited, the child is able to indicate what he/she
wants by pointing
This is a very important way for the child to communicate until his/her
vocabulary expands further
● Child should be walking by 15 months of age, and if often able to run
● Child is often able to crawl up a stair(s)
● Should be able to scribble with a crayon
● Hugs parents and shows high preference to familiar people for comfort
Preference towards strangers (i.e., you) for comfort is particularly
concerning for potential neglect or abuse
May be useful to continue to complete physical exam on parent’s lap for
child’s comfort level
18 months old ● Classically, child should be able to build a 4 block tower
● Vocabulary should include at least 10 words and include at least one body part
● Child should be able to run by this point, but it will look bumbly
● Should be able to walk up and down stairs with hands held
● Often will be able to sit on a small, child-sized chair
● Able to kiss parent with a pucker
● Child exhibits self-awareness and may recognize self in mirror
Family theory: be able to identify a family developmental stage by a description.
Stage 1: Beginning family- Married couple establish home but no children
Developmental Tasks: Establishing a satisfying home and marriage relationship and
preparing for childbirth
Stage 2: Childbearing Family- From birth of 1st child until that child is 2 ½ years old
Developmental Task: Adjusting to increased family size and providing a positive
developmental environment
Stage 3: Family with Preschoolers- Oldest child is between 2 ½ and 6
Developmental tasks (DT): coping with demands on energy and attention with less
privacy at home
Stage 4: Family with School Children- When oldest child is between ages of 6 and 13
DT: Promoting educational achievement and fitting in with the community of families
with school-age children
Stage 5: Family with Teenagers- Oldest child is between ages of 13 and 20
DT: Allowing and helping children to become more independent
Stage 6: Launching Centre- When oldest child leaves family until the youngest leaves home
DT: Releasing young adults and accepting new ways of relating to them; maintaining a
supportive home base
Stage 7: Empty Nest- From time children are gone till couple retires
DT: Renewing and redefining marriage relationship; preparing for retirement years
Stage 8: Aging Family- From retirement till death of the marriage partner
DT: Adjusting to retirement; coping with death and living alone.
Growth/development: Identify normal vs. abnormal development if given a description of patient
behaviors. Define the diagnosis and meaning of Autism.
● Jean Piaget—developmental psychologist; cognitive development theories
● Piaget’s Theory:
Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Development is driven by motor development; coordination
of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity. Language used for demands and
cataloging. Object permanence developed.
Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to
express full concepts. Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thought
still difficult. Conservation developed.
Important milestones
Age Milestones
Newborn ● Vision is highly limited at birth (8-12 inches)
, ● Fixes on moving objects
● Prefers human face; establishes eye contact around one month of age
● Infant will tend to lay in flexed position; will turn head from side to side
● On horizontal suspension there will be some head sagging, but infant should not
be hypotonic
● All primitive reflexes should be present
Moro, grasp, rooting, tonic neck, etc.
● Infant should regain birthweight by 2 weeks and grow 30 g/day until 4 months of
age
● (birth weight should double at this point) If they are premature, you have to
correct for that
● Reacts to voice by one month of age—if child is not reacting, think of hearing loss
● Crying peaks around 6 weeks of age (up to 3 hours per day)
1 month old Reacts to voice, establishes eye contact
2 months old ● Infant is able to differentiate among patterns, colors, and consonants, but due to
the baby’s yet-limited ability to communicate, this may be difficult to notice
● Infant should be able to track an object horizontally at 180 degrees—can track to
midline
● Head lag should be gone and the head and trunk should be held in the same plane
on horizontal suspension
● Social smile
● Will listen to voice and make cooing sounds—cooing is vocal development, not
language
● Infant should be able to hold head steady while sitting in lap
● Infant should be able to raise head slightly when laying in prone position—
TUMMY
TIME!!
Increases risk of SIDS if put to bed on stomach
4 months old Recognizes hand
● Infant becomes noticeably more distracted by surroundings
● Infant explores own body, especially hands and mouth
● Sense of proprioception begins to mature
● Infant will begin to recognize emotions in others and may mirror such emotions
(sustained social smile & laughing)
● Object permanence has not yet developed, so peek-a-boo will amuse the infant
● Infant should be able to lift head above plane when held in horizontal suspension
● Infant should be able to grasp objects like a rattle and may reach for objects held
above him/her
, ● Primitive reflexes may begin to disappear
May be able to manipulate objects with both hands
Inspect hands at midline
● Infant will show more purposeful motor activity
● Growth slows to 20 g/day until 1 yoa; birthweight should have doubled
● Infant will begin to show distinct facial expressions in various scenarios
● May show displeasure if social contact is broken—baby recognizes that social
contact is “bonding” and may get upset with separating
● Recognizes sight of food and often becomes excited
6 months old Grasps, visualizes, manipulates objects
● As primitive reflexes disappear, infants have more ability to grasp, visualize,
manipulate, and explore objects
● Objects tend to go to the mouth first. This underscores the importance of keeping
small objects and unsafe toys away from the baby.
● Babies at this age enjoy dropping objects because they believe they have made
them disappear.
● Infant should be able to sit up without support but not necessarily in an erect
position
● May be able to roll over and crawl
● Primitive reflexes should be gone
● Infant should be able to transfer objects from hand to hand
● Infant will typically prefer mother or primary caretaker
● Stranger anxiety begins to develop
● Peek-a-boo is often fun for child as object permanence hasn’t developed yet
9 months old Object permanence; recognizes name; consonant babbling
● Emergence of object permanence
Will uncover object if hidden
● Infant will be able to recognize and respond to his/her name
● Language progresses to monosyllabic babbling or consonant voicing in inflections
that resemble the native language
● May say “mama’ or “dada”, however, it’s not clear if infant necessarily
knows the meaning or if it’s just mimicry
● Infant should be able to crawl and roll over by this point and sit straight without
support
● Pincer grasp develops
● Infant is often able to walk with assistance, holding on or both hands/arms
● Baby will often “cruise”, which helps the baby develop muscle strength for walking
● Development of object permanence often makes separation more difficult as child
will realize caretaker has not disappeared but is gone
● Increased wariness of strangers
, ● Monosyllabic babbling –will reflect the inflection of the language that they’re
around
● Baby should understand “bye-bye” and may wave
1 year old (12 ● Say or recognize a few words
months) ● Baby should be able to say or recognize a word other than “mama’ or “dada”
● Cognitive development is particularly nurtured at this period as baby begins to
walk and navigate away from caretaker
● Birthweight should have tripled by first birthday; length increased by 50%; head
circumference increased by 10 cm
● Baby should be able to stand on his/her own
● Baby is cruising by this point, and is often able to walk, at least with one hand held
● Often able to turn pages of a book—start exposing baby to picture books
● Makes postural adjustment to dressing
● May be able to respond to one step commands such as “give me”
● Tantrums often begin
Tantrums lasting longer than 15 minutes or occurring more than 3x/day
may reflect underlying medical, emotional or social problems
16 months old ● Follow some commands; indicate wants by pointing
● Classically, child should be able to build a 2 or 3 block tower
3 x baby’s age in years (roughly)
● While vocabulary is typically limited, the child is able to indicate what he/she
wants by pointing
This is a very important way for the child to communicate until his/her
vocabulary expands further
● Child should be walking by 15 months of age, and if often able to run
● Child is often able to crawl up a stair(s)
● Should be able to scribble with a crayon
● Hugs parents and shows high preference to familiar people for comfort
Preference towards strangers (i.e., you) for comfort is particularly
concerning for potential neglect or abuse
May be useful to continue to complete physical exam on parent’s lap for
child’s comfort level
18 months old ● Classically, child should be able to build a 4 block tower
● Vocabulary should include at least 10 words and include at least one body part
● Child should be able to run by this point, but it will look bumbly
● Should be able to walk up and down stairs with hands held
● Often will be able to sit on a small, child-sized chair
● Able to kiss parent with a pucker
● Child exhibits self-awareness and may recognize self in mirror
