NR 302 UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 12
1. List the 3 layers associated with the skin, and describe the contents of each layer.
Epidermis-thin but tough, cells are bound together to form sheets of protective layers has
a basal cell layer and a horny cell layer
Dermis- inner supporting layer made mostly of connective tissue or collagen (dense and
fibrous).
Subcutaneous layer- adipose tissue made up of lobules of fat cells
2. Differentiate among sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine glands.
Sebaceous- produces sebum that comes from hair follicles, it lubricates the skin and hair
and forms waterproof barrier
Eccrine- coiled tubules that open directly on the skins surface and produce sweat
Apocrine- thick milky solution that opens into hair follicles located in axillae, anogenital,
nipples and navel they become active at puberty.
3. List at least 5 functions of the skin.
Protection, prevents penetration, perception, temperature regulation, identification,
communication, wound repair, waterproofing and production of vitamin D
4. Describe the appearance of pallor, erythema, cyanosis, and jaundice in both light-skinned and
dark-skinned persons. State common causes of each.
Light-skinned Dark-skinned Causes
pallor marked pallor Absence of Anxiety, fear
underlying red tones
erythema inflammation Must palpate the skin Fever, local
for warmth inflammation or
emotional reactions
cyanosis Can appear blueish in Hard to determine High levels of
the skin visually deoxygenated blood
jaundice yellowish Clay colored stools High amounts of
and golden urine bilirubin in the blood
5. List causes of changes in skin temperature- hypothermia and hyperthermia, texture-
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, moisture- diaphoresis and dehydration, mobility-
decreased with edema, and turgor- dehydration or weight loss.
, 6. The white linear markings that normally are visible through the nail and on the pink nail bed
are termed __leukonychia____.
7. Describe the following findings that are common variations on the infant’s skin:
Mongolian spot – hyperpigmentation in black, Asian, native American and Hispanic
infants usually on buttocks
Café au lait spot – large round or oval patch of brown pigmentation at birth
Erythema toxicum –tiny punctate red macules and papules on cheeks, trunk, chest, back
and buttocks
Cutis marmorata – transient mottling in the trunk or extremities and forms a reticulated
red or blue pattern over the skin
Physiologic jaundice – yellowing of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes that forms
3-4 days after birth
Milia – tiny white papules on the cheeks and forehead
8. Describe the following findings that are common variations on the aging adult’s skin:
Lentigines –liver spots, small areas of hyperpigmentation
Seborrheic keratosis – looks dark, greasy and stuck on the skin
Actinic keratosis -
Acrochordons (skin tags)
Sebaceous hyperplasia
9. Differentiate among these purpuric lesions: petechiae, bruise, hematoma.
10. Differentiate among the appearance of the skin rash of these childhood illnesses: measles
(rubeola), German measles (rubella), chickenpox (varicella).
11. List and describe the 4 stages of pressure ulcer development.
12. Define and give an example of the following primary skin lesions: macule, papule, plaque,
nodule, tumor, wheal, vesicle, pustule.
Define and give an example of these secondary lesions: crust, scale, fissure, erosion, ulcer.
Chapter 13
1. The major neck muscles are the
Chapter 12
1. List the 3 layers associated with the skin, and describe the contents of each layer.
Epidermis-thin but tough, cells are bound together to form sheets of protective layers has
a basal cell layer and a horny cell layer
Dermis- inner supporting layer made mostly of connective tissue or collagen (dense and
fibrous).
Subcutaneous layer- adipose tissue made up of lobules of fat cells
2. Differentiate among sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine glands.
Sebaceous- produces sebum that comes from hair follicles, it lubricates the skin and hair
and forms waterproof barrier
Eccrine- coiled tubules that open directly on the skins surface and produce sweat
Apocrine- thick milky solution that opens into hair follicles located in axillae, anogenital,
nipples and navel they become active at puberty.
3. List at least 5 functions of the skin.
Protection, prevents penetration, perception, temperature regulation, identification,
communication, wound repair, waterproofing and production of vitamin D
4. Describe the appearance of pallor, erythema, cyanosis, and jaundice in both light-skinned and
dark-skinned persons. State common causes of each.
Light-skinned Dark-skinned Causes
pallor marked pallor Absence of Anxiety, fear
underlying red tones
erythema inflammation Must palpate the skin Fever, local
for warmth inflammation or
emotional reactions
cyanosis Can appear blueish in Hard to determine High levels of
the skin visually deoxygenated blood
jaundice yellowish Clay colored stools High amounts of
and golden urine bilirubin in the blood
5. List causes of changes in skin temperature- hypothermia and hyperthermia, texture-
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, moisture- diaphoresis and dehydration, mobility-
decreased with edema, and turgor- dehydration or weight loss.
, 6. The white linear markings that normally are visible through the nail and on the pink nail bed
are termed __leukonychia____.
7. Describe the following findings that are common variations on the infant’s skin:
Mongolian spot – hyperpigmentation in black, Asian, native American and Hispanic
infants usually on buttocks
Café au lait spot – large round or oval patch of brown pigmentation at birth
Erythema toxicum –tiny punctate red macules and papules on cheeks, trunk, chest, back
and buttocks
Cutis marmorata – transient mottling in the trunk or extremities and forms a reticulated
red or blue pattern over the skin
Physiologic jaundice – yellowing of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes that forms
3-4 days after birth
Milia – tiny white papules on the cheeks and forehead
8. Describe the following findings that are common variations on the aging adult’s skin:
Lentigines –liver spots, small areas of hyperpigmentation
Seborrheic keratosis – looks dark, greasy and stuck on the skin
Actinic keratosis -
Acrochordons (skin tags)
Sebaceous hyperplasia
9. Differentiate among these purpuric lesions: petechiae, bruise, hematoma.
10. Differentiate among the appearance of the skin rash of these childhood illnesses: measles
(rubeola), German measles (rubella), chickenpox (varicella).
11. List and describe the 4 stages of pressure ulcer development.
12. Define and give an example of the following primary skin lesions: macule, papule, plaque,
nodule, tumor, wheal, vesicle, pustule.
Define and give an example of these secondary lesions: crust, scale, fissure, erosion, ulcer.
Chapter 13
1. The major neck muscles are the
