WREB Study Guide
Local anesthesia depresses excitation in nerve endings or inhibiting the conduction of
what nerves? - ANSWER periphreal
LA differe from other drugs in that most other drugs are absorbed in the blood stream
but LA stop their action once absorbed where? - ANSWER systemic circulation
Why are vasoconstrictors added to LA? - ANSWER decrease blood flow at injection
site, constrict blood vessels and allows for a longer working time more profound
anesthesia and less bleeding
Why are additives and preservatives added to LA? - ANSWER prolong the shelf life by
using antioxidant properties
What are two examples of additives and preservatives? - ANSWER sodium bisulfite and
sodium metasulfite
Asthma patients are sensitive to what additive? - ANSWER sulfites
If a person is allergic to sodium bisulfite do you use vasoconstrictor? - ANSWER No
What does a yellow brown tint indicate? - ANSWER oxidation
What should you do if there is oxidation in the carpule? - ANSWER dispose of it.
Are LA's vasodilators or vasoconstrictors? - ANSWER vasodilators except cocaine its a
vasoconstrictor
What phase of nerve conduction has positive ca+ on the outside and negative on the
inside with no movement of ions? - ANSWER resting state
What phase of nerve conduction has increase permeability to NA+ ions becomes less
negative within the nerve? - ANSWER deolarization slow phase
What phase of nerve conduction has enough stimulus to make nerve fire with influx of
sodium? - ANSWER rapid depolarization
What phase of nerve conduction returns to resting state which Na goes out of the nerve
and k returns in the nerve. influx of K+ - ANSWER Repolarization
What is the site of action for a LA? - ANSWER nerve membrane
LA are alkaloid bases meaning they are? - ANSWER wea combine with acids to form
water soluble salts.
, WREB Study Guide
Base form is lipophilic and non-ionized or hydrophilic and ionized? - ANSWER lipophilic
and non-ionized.
ph. of normal tissue is - ANSWER 7.3 to 7.4
ph. of local anesthesia is - ANSWER 5.5
ph. of local anesthesia with epinephrine is - ANSWER 3.3
ph. of inflamed tissue is - ANSWER 5.5 to 5.6
when there is an inflamed area it means less or more anesthesia is absorbed causing a
slower or faster onset of action...meaning it reduces the potency of the drug and poor
anesthesia. - ANSWER slower onset, less anesthesia
Esters hydrolyzed to ______________in the blood by pseudocholinesterase. -
ANSWER PABA
Amides metabolized by the ___________ except prilocaine which is metabolized in the
___________ - ANSWER liver, lungs
What should you avoid in patients who have liver failure? - ANSWER amides
Where do amides and esters excrete? - ANSWER kidneys
People who have kidney trouble renal disease have a hard time excreting which LA? -
ANSWER mepivicaine.
Which LA do we want to avoid if a patient is allergic to a sulfa? - ANSWER articaine
What happens if a patient is allergic what happens to them? - ANSWER rash or
anaphylaxis
Do amides cause allergic reactions? - ANSWER No
Vasoconstrictors have an alpha or beta effect on vasoconstrictor causing constriction of
blood vessels? - ANSWER alpha
Vasoconstrictors exert their action directly on the what receptors? - ANSWER
adrenergic
An overdose amount of vasoconstrictor would produce what effect alpha or beta? -
ANSWER Beta affect heart and smooth muscle reactions, vasodilation and
bronchodilation
Local anesthesia depresses excitation in nerve endings or inhibiting the conduction of
what nerves? - ANSWER periphreal
LA differe from other drugs in that most other drugs are absorbed in the blood stream
but LA stop their action once absorbed where? - ANSWER systemic circulation
Why are vasoconstrictors added to LA? - ANSWER decrease blood flow at injection
site, constrict blood vessels and allows for a longer working time more profound
anesthesia and less bleeding
Why are additives and preservatives added to LA? - ANSWER prolong the shelf life by
using antioxidant properties
What are two examples of additives and preservatives? - ANSWER sodium bisulfite and
sodium metasulfite
Asthma patients are sensitive to what additive? - ANSWER sulfites
If a person is allergic to sodium bisulfite do you use vasoconstrictor? - ANSWER No
What does a yellow brown tint indicate? - ANSWER oxidation
What should you do if there is oxidation in the carpule? - ANSWER dispose of it.
Are LA's vasodilators or vasoconstrictors? - ANSWER vasodilators except cocaine its a
vasoconstrictor
What phase of nerve conduction has positive ca+ on the outside and negative on the
inside with no movement of ions? - ANSWER resting state
What phase of nerve conduction has increase permeability to NA+ ions becomes less
negative within the nerve? - ANSWER deolarization slow phase
What phase of nerve conduction has enough stimulus to make nerve fire with influx of
sodium? - ANSWER rapid depolarization
What phase of nerve conduction returns to resting state which Na goes out of the nerve
and k returns in the nerve. influx of K+ - ANSWER Repolarization
What is the site of action for a LA? - ANSWER nerve membrane
LA are alkaloid bases meaning they are? - ANSWER wea combine with acids to form
water soluble salts.
, WREB Study Guide
Base form is lipophilic and non-ionized or hydrophilic and ionized? - ANSWER lipophilic
and non-ionized.
ph. of normal tissue is - ANSWER 7.3 to 7.4
ph. of local anesthesia is - ANSWER 5.5
ph. of local anesthesia with epinephrine is - ANSWER 3.3
ph. of inflamed tissue is - ANSWER 5.5 to 5.6
when there is an inflamed area it means less or more anesthesia is absorbed causing a
slower or faster onset of action...meaning it reduces the potency of the drug and poor
anesthesia. - ANSWER slower onset, less anesthesia
Esters hydrolyzed to ______________in the blood by pseudocholinesterase. -
ANSWER PABA
Amides metabolized by the ___________ except prilocaine which is metabolized in the
___________ - ANSWER liver, lungs
What should you avoid in patients who have liver failure? - ANSWER amides
Where do amides and esters excrete? - ANSWER kidneys
People who have kidney trouble renal disease have a hard time excreting which LA? -
ANSWER mepivicaine.
Which LA do we want to avoid if a patient is allergic to a sulfa? - ANSWER articaine
What happens if a patient is allergic what happens to them? - ANSWER rash or
anaphylaxis
Do amides cause allergic reactions? - ANSWER No
Vasoconstrictors have an alpha or beta effect on vasoconstrictor causing constriction of
blood vessels? - ANSWER alpha
Vasoconstrictors exert their action directly on the what receptors? - ANSWER
adrenergic
An overdose amount of vasoconstrictor would produce what effect alpha or beta? -
ANSWER Beta affect heart and smooth muscle reactions, vasodilation and
bronchodilation
