PATHOPHYSI NUR2063NUR2063
NUR2063 BLUEPRINT EXAM 1 EXAM 1 Blueprint. Spring 2022
Module 01
1. Intro to Pathophysiology
a. Homeostasis: What is it? How does it help us?
● A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to
maintain usual function.
○ They attempt to counteract those changes and return the body
to its normal state.
b. Allostasis: Define; note the difference from homeostasis
(see PowerPoint).
● The process by which the body responds to stressors in order
to regain homeostasis.
○ Example: smart thermometer
i. Allostatic overload: What does this mean to the body/individual?
● Refers to the long-term effects of continued exposure to chronic
stress on the body.
○ Example: stress effects on working memory; chronic stress
effects on spatial memory; reward dysregulation during drug
addiction
c. Disease development: What are the four components of
pathophysiology? Describe each one and what is
included.
● Pathogenesis
○ Referred to how the disease develops.
■ Some diseases may be irreversible, chronic, or
self-limiting.
● Etiology
○ Studies the causes of diseases.
■ Possibly by predisposing factors: dietary
imbalances, chemical exposures, environmental
influences, etc.
● Clinical Manifestations
○ Clinical effects or evidence of a disease.
■ Signs: what can be measured or seen (objective);
example: blood pressure.
,PATHOPHYSI NUR2063NUR2063
NUR2063 BLUEPRINT EXAM 1 EXAM 1 Blueprint. Spring 2022
■ Symptoms: what is reported by the patient (subjective);
example: pain or anxiety.
● Treatment Implications
○ Strategies used to manage the disease or pain.
■ Some treatments are used for disease prevention.
2. Chapter 1: Cellular Function
a. Cellular Metabolism (know the very basics like why it is important
and where it takes place).
● The cells in your body are constantly going through thousands of
chemical reactions just to keep the cell in your body alive.
● Cellular metabolism is describing a set of chemical reactions. The
carbohydrates, proteins and fats from the foods that you eat, into
the energy that our cells need to work. If our body doesn’t need it,
then that is stored.
○ Biochemical process whereby foodstuffs are used to provide
cellular energy and biomolecules.
○ If not needed stored:
■ Sugars/glucose = glycogen.
■ Amino acids = proteins.
■ Fatty acids = triglycerides/fats.
○ Otherwise used to make ATP in the mitochondria.
b. Basic Anatomy/Physiology of a Cell:
i. Organelles & Functions:
● Ribosomes -
○ Protein synthesis.
○ Aid in protein production.
● Endoplasmic Reticulum = metabolic activity -
○ Rough: produces proteins for membranes.
○ Smooth: produces lipids, lipoproteins, and steroids.
● Golgi Complex -
○ Produces carbohydrates.
○ Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins.
● Lysosomes -
○ Breaks down cell products and foreign bodies.
○ Combines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by
cells.
, PATHOPHYSI NUR2063NUR2063
NUR2063 BLUEPRINT EXAM 1 EXAM 1 Blueprint. Spring 2022
● Peroxisomes -
○ Control free radicals.
○ Breaks down various potentially toxic intracellular molecules.
● Mitochondria -
○ Cell power plants to ATP is currency (energy).
○ Complete the breakdown of glucose, producing nicotine
adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ii. Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport (this plays into
how fluids/solutes move in chapter 6).
● Osmosis: Movement of water from low solute to high
solute concentration; between the interstitial and
intracellular compartments.
● Diffusion: Movement of solutes from high concentration
to low concentration.
○ Particles dissolved in a solution.
○ Example: rolling down the hill → high altitude to a
low altitude.
● Active Transport: Movement of substance from low
concentration to high concentration.
○ Moving against a concentration gradient that takes a lot
of energy; where ATP comes into play.
○ Example: moving or walking up the hill, which takes
energy.
3. Chapter 6:
a. Fluids
i. Systems that balance fluid (how and what do the following do
to balance fluid in the body)?
1. RAAS System -
● A hormone system within the body that is essential for the
regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance; expect
vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
● Mainly composed of three hormones renin, angiotensin II
and aldosterone (kidneys).
NUR2063 BLUEPRINT EXAM 1 EXAM 1 Blueprint. Spring 2022
Module 01
1. Intro to Pathophysiology
a. Homeostasis: What is it? How does it help us?
● A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to
maintain usual function.
○ They attempt to counteract those changes and return the body
to its normal state.
b. Allostasis: Define; note the difference from homeostasis
(see PowerPoint).
● The process by which the body responds to stressors in order
to regain homeostasis.
○ Example: smart thermometer
i. Allostatic overload: What does this mean to the body/individual?
● Refers to the long-term effects of continued exposure to chronic
stress on the body.
○ Example: stress effects on working memory; chronic stress
effects on spatial memory; reward dysregulation during drug
addiction
c. Disease development: What are the four components of
pathophysiology? Describe each one and what is
included.
● Pathogenesis
○ Referred to how the disease develops.
■ Some diseases may be irreversible, chronic, or
self-limiting.
● Etiology
○ Studies the causes of diseases.
■ Possibly by predisposing factors: dietary
imbalances, chemical exposures, environmental
influences, etc.
● Clinical Manifestations
○ Clinical effects or evidence of a disease.
■ Signs: what can be measured or seen (objective);
example: blood pressure.
,PATHOPHYSI NUR2063NUR2063
NUR2063 BLUEPRINT EXAM 1 EXAM 1 Blueprint. Spring 2022
■ Symptoms: what is reported by the patient (subjective);
example: pain or anxiety.
● Treatment Implications
○ Strategies used to manage the disease or pain.
■ Some treatments are used for disease prevention.
2. Chapter 1: Cellular Function
a. Cellular Metabolism (know the very basics like why it is important
and where it takes place).
● The cells in your body are constantly going through thousands of
chemical reactions just to keep the cell in your body alive.
● Cellular metabolism is describing a set of chemical reactions. The
carbohydrates, proteins and fats from the foods that you eat, into
the energy that our cells need to work. If our body doesn’t need it,
then that is stored.
○ Biochemical process whereby foodstuffs are used to provide
cellular energy and biomolecules.
○ If not needed stored:
■ Sugars/glucose = glycogen.
■ Amino acids = proteins.
■ Fatty acids = triglycerides/fats.
○ Otherwise used to make ATP in the mitochondria.
b. Basic Anatomy/Physiology of a Cell:
i. Organelles & Functions:
● Ribosomes -
○ Protein synthesis.
○ Aid in protein production.
● Endoplasmic Reticulum = metabolic activity -
○ Rough: produces proteins for membranes.
○ Smooth: produces lipids, lipoproteins, and steroids.
● Golgi Complex -
○ Produces carbohydrates.
○ Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins.
● Lysosomes -
○ Breaks down cell products and foreign bodies.
○ Combines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by
cells.
, PATHOPHYSI NUR2063NUR2063
NUR2063 BLUEPRINT EXAM 1 EXAM 1 Blueprint. Spring 2022
● Peroxisomes -
○ Control free radicals.
○ Breaks down various potentially toxic intracellular molecules.
● Mitochondria -
○ Cell power plants to ATP is currency (energy).
○ Complete the breakdown of glucose, producing nicotine
adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ii. Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport (this plays into
how fluids/solutes move in chapter 6).
● Osmosis: Movement of water from low solute to high
solute concentration; between the interstitial and
intracellular compartments.
● Diffusion: Movement of solutes from high concentration
to low concentration.
○ Particles dissolved in a solution.
○ Example: rolling down the hill → high altitude to a
low altitude.
● Active Transport: Movement of substance from low
concentration to high concentration.
○ Moving against a concentration gradient that takes a lot
of energy; where ATP comes into play.
○ Example: moving or walking up the hill, which takes
energy.
3. Chapter 6:
a. Fluids
i. Systems that balance fluid (how and what do the following do
to balance fluid in the body)?
1. RAAS System -
● A hormone system within the body that is essential for the
regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance; expect
vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
● Mainly composed of three hormones renin, angiotensin II
and aldosterone (kidneys).
