Unit 1

Unit 1 Organisms that do not cause disease unless the host is immunocompromised, or they get into the wrong place in the body Opportunistic Pathogens Diseases caused by organisms producing toxins Microbial Intoxications Microbes forming a coating on a surface Biofilms Microbes that are normally present in a certain area of the body Normal Microbiota The study of Fungi is called Mycology The use of microbes to get rid of wastes Bioremediation The interaction of two different types of organisms is called. Symbiotic relationships The incorporation of inorganic carbon into glucose by photosynthetic organisms Carbon fixation (also called the calvin cycle) Larger animals eat smaller animals which eat zooplankton which eat algae and bacteria Food Chains The process of using inorganic Nitrogen from the air (can only be done by a few groups of bacteria) Nitrogen Fixation Eukaryotic organisms that have Chitin cell walls Fungi Prokaryotic organisms with Peptidoglycan cell walls Eubacteria Singled celled eukaryotic organisms with no cell wall Protozoa Acellular infectious agents Viruses and/or Prions Prokaryotic organism with metabolisms adapted to grow in extreme environments that do not have peptidoglycan cell walls Archae The first Microscopes were used by Leeuwenhoek and Hooke Known for disproving spontaneous generation, and showing that fermentation was caused by organisms Louis Pasteur The surgeon that was the first to use aseptic techniques Joseph Lister Developed a method to determine what organism is causing a disease. Robert Koch Discovered the first Antibiotic Alexander Fleming Created first vaccines Edward Jenner He and his lab developed many of the methods we use to study microbiology Robert Koch Developed a process to heat treat beverages to make them safer without destroying flavor Louis Pasteur First one searching for the “magic bullet” and coined the term Chemotherapy Paul Ehrlich Serological grouping of Streptococci Rebecca Lancefield The theory that all organisms come from preexisting organisms is called Biogenesis What metric unit is 1000 x smaller than a micrometer Nanometer What are the two parts of the microscope used to adjust the light to the specimen? Light intensity knob and iris diaphragm What part of the microscope raises and lowers the stage and is only used on the lowest objective? Course Adjustment How many Micrometers in a Milimeter? 1000 What metric unit is the length of a virus measured in? Namometers A microscope using two lenses is called a Compound Microscope A light microscope where the specimen appears dark against a white background. Brightfield Microscope The stains used for this type of microscopy absorb a variety of UV light wavelengths and emit different visible light wavelengths. Flourescent Microscopy Has a resolution of up to 100,000 X Transmission Electron microscopy A microscope that allows us to see molecules that uses a metal and diamond probe. Atomic Force Microscope A microscope used to see the surfaces of bacteria or viruses. Scanning Electron Microscope The most common type of microscope used for viewing stained bacterial shapes. Brightfield Microscope A microscope that can be used to view live specimens of protozoa or bacteria Darkfield Light microscope A microscope used to look at internal structures of a bacterial cell Transmission Electron Microscope A microscope that can provide 3D images of internal cellular structures Atomic Force Microscopy A stain that distinguishes between the main two groups of eubacteria by the structure of their cell walls Gram Stain A stain used to stain a structure that allows some bacteria to survive very hot, dry conditions. Endospore Stain A stain used to visualize the presence and/or arrangement of long fibers used for motility. Flagellar Stain A negative stain used to visualize the presence of large masses of polysaccharides outside of the cell. Capsule Stain A stain that indicates the organism has mycolic acids in the cell wall. Acid-Fast Stain Organisms that are Acid- fast Mycobacterium or Norcardia Organisms that can have endospores Bacillus or Clostridium Organisms that have a capsule usually are (not a group, but a problem they cause) Pathogens A stain that has multiple steps in the process and helps us to distinguish between two groups of organism Differential Stain A substance used in a staining process that helps the stain bind. Mordant A gram positive cell stains Purple Unit 2 A cell that has one circular chromosome. Prokaryote The cytoplasm is filled with folded membranes like endoplasmic reticulum or goligi. Eukaryote Cells divide by binary fision. Prokaryotes Cells that are about 2 micrometers in size. Prokaryotic Most have cell walls made of peptidoglycan or pseudomurein Prokaryotes Have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall Gram Positive Have teichoic acid in their cell wall. Gram Positive Have lipopolysaccharides in their cell wall Gram Negative Have a second phopho-lipid membrane around their cells. Gram Negative Have endotoxin as part of their cell wall. Gram Negative A cell that has multiple long filaments used for movement all around the cell. Peritrichous A layer of polysaccharides that surrounds a cell Glycocalyx (capsules and slime layers) Many small finger-like projections that are very sticky and help the bacteria stick to surfaces. Pili (Fimbriae) Structures that allow some bacteria to survive very hot and dry conditions. Endospores A group of bacteria that do not have cell walls. Mycoplasmas The organelle where cellular respiration takes place. Mitochondria The organelle where protein synthesis takes place. Ribosomes The structure surrounding a eukaryotic cells DNA. Nuclear Membrane An organelle involved in lipid synthesis and transport. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Small hair like projections on eukaryotic cell used for motility. Cilia Proteins that are on one side of the membrane. Peripheral proteins A type of transport across membranes that requires the help of a protein. Facilitative Diffusion A type of transport across a membrane that can only occur in Eukaryotes. Endocytosis The main component of most membranes Phospholipids The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic membranes. Eukaryotic membranes contain cholesterol The theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved from a symbiotic relationship of a large anaerobic cell and a mitochondria like cell. Endosymbiotic theory Unit 3 Large compounds broken down into smaller components. Catabolism Synthesis of more complex compounds from smaller subunits. Anabolism Mechanisms that are both anabolic and catabolic. Amphibolic Reaction rates when temperatures go up. Increase ATP is required for reactions to occur. Anabolic Enzymes lower Energy of Activation The complete active form of an enzyme is called the Holoenzyme An enzyme that is released outside the cell. Exoenzymes A class of enzyme that splits water. Hydrolase When a protein binds to an enzyme at the same site that the substrate usually binds and stops the reaction from occurring. Competitive Inhibition Chemical energy Adenosine Triphosphate The creation of energy in the electron transport system. Oxidative phosphorylation Organisms that use CO2 as their Carbon source. Autotrophs (Carbon fixers) Use organic sources for carbon Heterotrophs Production of energy during photosynthesis from light energy. Photophosphorylation The products are 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 2 ATP Glycolysis Of the 3-4 parts of Aerobic respiration, most of the ATP is made in The electron transport system The products are 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP Krebs cycle When oxygen is present the pyruvate becomes which feeds into the krebs cycle Acetyl CoA When oxygen is present one glucose molecule can make ATP 38 The force that fuels the ATP synthase enzyme in the electron transport system. The proton motive force (Proton gradient) The 3D structure of the protein that gives it its shape and function is the structure. Tertiary Fatty Acids are . (type of organic compounds) Lipids Bacteria that use something other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration Microbial metabolic reactions that produce a product but very little ATP Fermentations The electron transport system occurs on the in prokaryotes. Plasma membrane