WGU Biochemistry OA

WGU Biochemistry OA Bohr Effect chart (low pH) - C- High CO2 H- High H+ A- Acidic R-Release of O2(rt. Shift) T- tense state (in tissues) Primary structure - Sequence of amino acids that make up a protein Secondary Structure - Sequence of amino acids fold. Tertiary Structure - -more folding in a 3D shape. -R groups (side chains) Quaternary Structure - Protein has more than 1 polypeptide chain. Chemical reaction - -absorb and release energy -activation energy -energy is released (heat & light) when bonds are broken. Exothermic reaction - Exo=to release Thermo=heat -chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (as heat & light) Example of exothermic reaction - Cellular respiration- breaks down glucose to make cellular energy Endothermic reaction - Endo=absorb Thermos=heat -absorbs more energy than it releases Example of endothermic reaction - Photosynthesis- takes in light to break down to create glucose Catalyst - Substance that will decrease the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction Enzymes - -catalysts used by cells -increase the rate of chemical reaction -specific to substrates Enzyme structure - -they are proteins -twist, fold, bend to final shape -shape attracts specific molecules Substrate - Molecules that bind to the enzyme Active site - -location on enzyme where substrate binds Function of DNA polymerase in process of PCR. - -increase expression -2 genes -SIRT1 & SIRT2 Function of a molecule - Structural component of the lipid bilayer How would lipid production in a cell change in order to maintain fluidity of its cell membrane as it adapts to lower temperatures? - Produce lipids with shorter fatty acid chains Function of cholesterol - Maintains membrane fluidity Lipid (fat) soluble vitamins - A, D, E, K What stimulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids? - An increase in NAD+ concentration in the mitochondrial matrix What occurs in an otherwise healthy person whose diet has very few carbs and high levels of fats? - Acetone is produced in the blood Amino acids - -Non-polar (hydrophobic) -Polar charged -Polar uncharged Which type of mammalian DNA damage repair requires the presence of the chromosome that is homologous to the damaged chromosome? - Recombination Xeroxerma Pigmentosum (XP) - A recessive genetic disease that occurs when one or more of the genes that perform nucleotide excision repair are nonfunctional Why do XP patients have a much higher incidence of skin cancer than the general population? - The mutation of all other genes is higher due to failure to repair. Assuming 100% reaction efficiency, how many DNA copies are created after the completion of 4 complete PCR cycles? - 16 What is the function of DNA polymerase in the process of PCR? - It recognizes the primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence. What difference in the regions of the SIRT1 & SIRT2 genes in people addicted to cocaine increases their expression? - The nucleosomes become more widely spaced.