NursingExam3StudyGuide

• Differentiate between an allergic reaction and side effects of medications o Angioedema o Stridor is the audible symptom produced by the rapid turbulent flow of air through a narrowed segment of the respiratory tract. • Antigen: Molecule that can bind with a specific antibody • IMMUNE SYSTEM ANATOMY: o Primary lymphoid organs: Bone marrow and thymus gland because lymphocytes develop and mature within them. ▪ Bone Marrow: • Like all blood cells, leukocytes originate from the bone marrow. ▪ Thymus: • Believed major function of the thymus gland is in the development of the immune system. • Thymus gland located superior to heart. o Age related implications for babies ▪ Larger in children than in adults. • Reduction in thymus activity & repeated infections cause a premature aging of all phases of immune system: reduction in number of T cells, & their capacity for memory and diversity. • If removed >>> increase risk for infection, inflammation, age-related chronic diagnoses, autoimmune response o Removal of thymus affects the maturation and function of T lymphocytes. o Removal of lymph nodes has a local effect on immune function, allowing pathogens to colonize longer before encountering adaptive immune system. • Immunological aging due to thymectomy in infancy or childhood can induce changes in B cells, NK cells, and possibly in stem cells, thus placing the individual at risk for infections as an adult and possibly more susceptible to increased inflammations, more age-related chronic diseases, and increased autoimmune responses. o Secondary Lymphoid tissues include the spleen, lymph nodes, and epithelial lymphoid tissues. Lymphocytes are distributed throughout the body, they are concentrated in several tissues. The tissues where they aggregate and function are called secondary lymphoid tissues. ▪ Secondary lymphoid tissues are strategically placed in the body so that invading pathogens will encounter them as early as possible, allowing the immune system to be activated before extensive damage can be done. ▪ Spleen • Role: Acts as a filter, collecting antigen from the blood and destroying senescent RBCs. Most of spleen is made up of tissue called red pulp, which primarily serves as the site of RBC destruction and also houses macrophages. • Located on left side of body, behind stomach • If removed (splenectomy), what are the implications for client? >>> increased risk of infection. Think about nursing measures to decrease risk for infection and education for client ....................................CONTINUED...................................