PN3-EXAM2-final exam study guide.

PN3-EXAM2-final exam study guide.PN3-EXAM2-final exam study guide. Cardiac Normal cardiac output- Normal cardiac output is 60-100 beats per minute. If below 60 is brady cardia and the patient is at risk for poor perfusion. Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute. Remember that arrhythmia is a deviation from a normal rhythm and a dysrhythmia is a disturbance in the normal rhythm. Medications for: contractility, maintaining normal blood pressure, various tachycardias, bradycardias, different degrees of AV blocks, and arrhythmias PHARM Class 1- Sodium channel blockers- electrical pulses will become slow. Used for TACHYARHYTHMIAS Class II- Beta Blockers. Beta receptors are blocked. Used for tach arrhythmias Class III- potassium channel blockers. Amiodarone. Used for V tach and V fib Class for- calcium channel blockers- diltiazem, arabamil? Given to slow ventricular rate in a fib and supra ventricular tachycardia. Adenosine/ Digoxin- Adenosine has very short half life and is given IV push and primarily used to stop supra ventricular tach Digoxin- will slow conduction through the AV node. A fib and A flutter Heparin is given for A fib- will cause pooling that will lead to clotting and can cause PE or stroke. Cardiac rhythm interpretations P wave: represents atrial contraction depolarization; small, rounded and upright (in Lead II). Are they present before every QRS and do they look the same? PR Interval (PRI): time it takes the impulse to travel from the SA node to the bundle branches. It should measure 0.12-0.20 seconds. Starts at P wave and ends at the beginning of the ventricular contraction. QRS Interval: represents ventricular depolarization (contraction); it should measure 0.04-0.10 seconds. T wave: represents ventricular repolarization (relax). Monitor for changes in amplitude or configuration. QT Interval: represents the amount of time it takes for ventricular depolarization and repolarization. Measurement will depend on heart rate but it is usually 0.40 to 0.44 seconds. U wave: Rare/ uncommon. Resting of perkinje fibers. ST segment: Starting with the ventricular contraction to before the T wave. THIS IS WHERE MI CAN BE DETECTED.