1
,*Uric acid stones account for about 7% of stones.
*Spinal cord injury contributes to uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle
associated with a neurological disorder. This can also be from Guillain-Barré or transverse
myelitis.
*Pyelonephritis indicates inflammation that involves of the upper tracts
*Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli and is often caused by a streptococcal
infection. It usually occurs 7 to 10 days after the infection.
*Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by excretion of 3.5 grams or more of protein in the urine
per day due to glomerular injury.
*Nephritic syndrome is characterized by blood in the urine with red and white cell casts and
varying degrees of protein.
*Acute renal failure presents with oliguria and a reduction in GFR and BUN. Rapidly
progressive glomerulonephritis usually affects adults in their 50s and 60s and presents with
hematuria.
*factors that determine severity for obstructive uropathy are locations of blockage, the degree of
completeness, duration, involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts, and cause of the lesion.
*factors that is required before a stone is formed are:
1. Supersaturation of one of the salts
2. Precipitation from a liquid to a solid
3.Aggregation
, 4. Presence or absence of Tamm-Horsfall protein
*causes of obstructed urine flow:
1.Prostate enlargement
2.Pelvic organ prolapse
3. Low bladder wall compliance
4.Detrusor hyperflexia
*Kussmaul respirations can be a result of pulmonary edema and metabolic acidosis
*Nephrolithiasis- Calculus in the kidney
* Nephrotoxins - Any substance that causes damage to the glomerulus or the kidney in general,
such as bacteria, heavy metals, or drugs
*Healthy kidney -Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, Assists in maintaining acid base
balance, Produces erythropoietin which makes RBCs
*BUN - Blood urea nitrogen - 10-20 mg/dL
*Serum creatinine - 0.6-1.5 mg/dL
*Azotemia -Increased levels of serum urea and other nitrogenous compounds related to
decreasing kidney function.
, *Uremia -Abnormally high levels of waste products in the blood
*Oliguria -Decreased urine output
*Uremic frost - Powdery deposits on the skin, especially the face, including urea and uric acid
salts, due to excretion of nitrogenous compounds in the sweat; seen in severe uremia.
*Anuria -No urine output
*Puruitis - Itching of the skin caused by urea deposits causing irritation of the skin
* Casts - Congregated protein or cellular debris that forms within a renal tubule
Acute Renal Failure- Sudden interruption of kidney function resulting from obstruction,
reduced circulation, or disease of the renal tissue
Results in retention of toxins, fluids, and end products of metabolism
Usually reversible with medical treatment
May progress to end stage renal disease, uremic syndrome, and death without treatment
.Persons at risk may be Major surgery (surgical shock), Major trauma, Receiving
nephrotoxic medications (iatrogenic cause), Elderly
*CAUSES
1. Prerenal- Hypovolemia, shock, blood loss, embolism, pooling of fluid d/t ascites or
burns, cardiovascular disorders, sepsis, altered vascular resistance
2 .Intrarenal- Nephrotoxic agents, infections, ischemia and blockages, polycystic kidney
disease, glomerulonephritis, nephritis, and tubular necrosis
,*Uric acid stones account for about 7% of stones.
*Spinal cord injury contributes to uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle
associated with a neurological disorder. This can also be from Guillain-Barré or transverse
myelitis.
*Pyelonephritis indicates inflammation that involves of the upper tracts
*Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli and is often caused by a streptococcal
infection. It usually occurs 7 to 10 days after the infection.
*Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by excretion of 3.5 grams or more of protein in the urine
per day due to glomerular injury.
*Nephritic syndrome is characterized by blood in the urine with red and white cell casts and
varying degrees of protein.
*Acute renal failure presents with oliguria and a reduction in GFR and BUN. Rapidly
progressive glomerulonephritis usually affects adults in their 50s and 60s and presents with
hematuria.
*factors that determine severity for obstructive uropathy are locations of blockage, the degree of
completeness, duration, involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts, and cause of the lesion.
*factors that is required before a stone is formed are:
1. Supersaturation of one of the salts
2. Precipitation from a liquid to a solid
3.Aggregation
, 4. Presence or absence of Tamm-Horsfall protein
*causes of obstructed urine flow:
1.Prostate enlargement
2.Pelvic organ prolapse
3. Low bladder wall compliance
4.Detrusor hyperflexia
*Kussmaul respirations can be a result of pulmonary edema and metabolic acidosis
*Nephrolithiasis- Calculus in the kidney
* Nephrotoxins - Any substance that causes damage to the glomerulus or the kidney in general,
such as bacteria, heavy metals, or drugs
*Healthy kidney -Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, Assists in maintaining acid base
balance, Produces erythropoietin which makes RBCs
*BUN - Blood urea nitrogen - 10-20 mg/dL
*Serum creatinine - 0.6-1.5 mg/dL
*Azotemia -Increased levels of serum urea and other nitrogenous compounds related to
decreasing kidney function.
, *Uremia -Abnormally high levels of waste products in the blood
*Oliguria -Decreased urine output
*Uremic frost - Powdery deposits on the skin, especially the face, including urea and uric acid
salts, due to excretion of nitrogenous compounds in the sweat; seen in severe uremia.
*Anuria -No urine output
*Puruitis - Itching of the skin caused by urea deposits causing irritation of the skin
* Casts - Congregated protein or cellular debris that forms within a renal tubule
Acute Renal Failure- Sudden interruption of kidney function resulting from obstruction,
reduced circulation, or disease of the renal tissue
Results in retention of toxins, fluids, and end products of metabolism
Usually reversible with medical treatment
May progress to end stage renal disease, uremic syndrome, and death without treatment
.Persons at risk may be Major surgery (surgical shock), Major trauma, Receiving
nephrotoxic medications (iatrogenic cause), Elderly
*CAUSES
1. Prerenal- Hypovolemia, shock, blood loss, embolism, pooling of fluid d/t ascites or
burns, cardiovascular disorders, sepsis, altered vascular resistance
2 .Intrarenal- Nephrotoxic agents, infections, ischemia and blockages, polycystic kidney
disease, glomerulonephritis, nephritis, and tubular necrosis
