NUCLEIC ACIDS (49)
Who was involved in the discovery of the
1 James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin
structure of nucleic acids?
She developed the x-ray technology that allowed
2 What role did Rosalind Franklin play?
Watson and Crick to view the helical nature of DNA
3 What makes NA organic compounds? C-H bonds
4 Expand DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
5 Location of DNA Chromosomes, mitochondria
(1) stores sequence of bases unique to each species
6 4 functions of chromosomal DNA (2) controls synthesis of RNA (3) controls protein
synthesis (4) controls structure/function of cells
7 How is mitochondrial DNA useful? Tracks relatedness down the maternal line over time
(1) stores codes for enzymes that control CR (2)
8 Why is mtDNA useful? remains unaltered from mother to child (3)
mutations rare
9 Expand RNA Ribonucleic acid
10 Location of RNA nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes
A complex micro molecule made up of small
11 Definition of polymer
monomers joined together
12 Monomer of NA nucleotides
(1) pentose sugar (2) phosphate group (3)
13 Structure of nucleotide
nitrogenous base
14 Purine bases adenine, guanine
15 Pyrimidine bases cytosine, thymine
16 Definition of dehydration synthesis A chemical bond formed by the removal of H2O
17 Why do nucleotides join antiparallel? Allows for equidistance
18 Bonding between bases A-T (2 hydrogen bonds) C-G (3 hydrogen bonds)
19 Differences between RNA and DNA (1) ribose sugar (2) uracil instead of thymine (3)
single stranded (4) shorter
20 Types of RNA Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA
21 Structure of mRNA Long straight strand
Carries genetic message from DNA to ribosome
22 Function of mRNA
about which protein to make
23 Structure of tRNA Coiled strand
Picks up amino acids from cytoplasm and carries
24 Function of tRNA them to ribosomes for protein synthesis
Plays important role in controlling the process of
25 Function of rRNA
protein synthesis
26 How is mtDNA inherited? It is contributed by the ovum during fertilisation
, When a sequence of bases of a small portion of DNA
27 Definition of transcription
(a gene) is used to form mRNA
When tRNA joins onto mRNA in the ribosomes
28 Definition of translation (bringing the relevant amino acid with it) such that
the message from DNA is translated into a protein
29 Where does protein synthesis occur? In the ribosomes
30 What controls protein synthesis? Indirectly controlled by DNA in a nucleus
(1) Small piece of DNA unwinds and strands separate
by H-bonds breaking (facilitated by
polymerase/helicase) (2) Free RNA nucleotides in
nucleoplasm link onto exposed bases on one of the
DNA strands by hydrogen bonding = coding strand
31 Process of Transcription (4)
(3) New nucleotides join their sugar-phosphates
together by Ester bonding to form a strand (4) New
mRNA strand breaks off DNA and contains a copy of
the sequence of nucleotides of a particular gene on
the DNA
(1) mRNA leaves nucleus through the nuclear pore
and moves to ribosome for translation where the
code is read in 3 letter groups (codons) (2) tRNA
transcribed in other regions of DNA consisting of a
coiled strand + 2 exposed areas - anticodon, linking
site for specific amino acid (3) tRNA in cytoplasm
pick up their specific amino acid according to their
anticodon + carry to ribosome (4) tRNA brings amino
32 Process of Translation (6)
acid to ribosome, where it moves along mRNA until
the anticodon finds a complementary codon, where
it links on temporarily (5) Amino acids join up by
peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, then
tRNA breaks away from amino acids and from
mRNA and then returns to the cytoplasm to collect
another amino acid (6) Polypeptide chain leaves the
ribosome + coils in the cytoplasm to form a protein
The last letter of the codon can vary, so most amino
33 What is Wobble Hypothesis?
acids can link onto more than one codon
(1) UV radiation (2) drugs (3) cigarettes (4) certain
34 External factors leading to mutations (5)
chemicals (5) certain viruses
(1) mistakes during DNA replication (2) mistakes
35 Chance factors leading to mutations (3)
during transcription (3) mistakes during translation
If mutation occurs when a gamete is being formed
36 When will mutations be carried by offspring?
or is in early stages of development
, A single base substituted for another, such that the
37 Definition of point mutation
meaning of a single codon is changed
(1) Synonymous/Sense (2) Missense (3) Nonsense (4)
38 Four types of point mutation
Frameshift
A point mutation that results in a codon for the
39 What is a sense mutation?
same amino acids
A point mutation that causes codons to code to code
40 What is a missense mutation?
for a different amino acid
A codon that stands for an amino acid mutates to a
41 What is a nonsense mutation?
stop codon
A base is deleted/added such that the whole frame
42 What is a frameshift mutation? shifts to the left or right, and every base codon is
thus affected from the point of mutation onwards
The fact that each person has a unique genetic
43 What is genetic fingerprinting based on? makeup which is contained in our DNA
Junk' or non-coding DNA that is not translated into
useful proteins and makes no contribution to the
health/survival of the organism is not eliminated
What does genetic fingerprinting use to
44 identify people? from the gene pool despite mutations occurring
frequently. DNA fingerprinting takes advantage of
these changes and creates a visible pattern of
differences to assess similarity
(1) DNA can be cut into shorter pieces by restriction
enzymes (2) DNA is unique and restriction enzymes
45 How is a DNA profile made? (3) therefore cut off different sized pieces (3) These
pieces can then be separated according to their size
on a gel
46 How is a large amount of DNA manufactured? Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) replicates small
sections of DNA in just a few hours
(1) Two primers are used to identify the
beginning/ending of the DNA stretch to be copied
(2) Polymerase moves along the segment of DNA,
47 How does PCR work? (3)
reads its code, and assembles a copy (3) Requires a
pile of nucleotides that polymerase will require to
make a copy
(1) criminal cases (2) identifying people (3) identify
48 Advantages of genetic fingerprinting (5) unrecognisable human remains (4) paternity tests
(5) diagnose inherited genetic disorders in new-
born/unborn babies
(1) expensive (2) subject to human error (3) can be
49 Disadvantages of genetic fingerprinting used to frame people (4) not everybody's DNA has
been profiled (5) may infringe on privacy rights
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Who was involved in the discovery of the
1 James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin
structure of nucleic acids?
She developed the x-ray technology that allowed
2 What role did Rosalind Franklin play?
Watson and Crick to view the helical nature of DNA
3 What makes NA organic compounds? C-H bonds
4 Expand DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
5 Location of DNA Chromosomes, mitochondria
(1) stores sequence of bases unique to each species
6 4 functions of chromosomal DNA (2) controls synthesis of RNA (3) controls protein
synthesis (4) controls structure/function of cells
7 How is mitochondrial DNA useful? Tracks relatedness down the maternal line over time
(1) stores codes for enzymes that control CR (2)
8 Why is mtDNA useful? remains unaltered from mother to child (3)
mutations rare
9 Expand RNA Ribonucleic acid
10 Location of RNA nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes
A complex micro molecule made up of small
11 Definition of polymer
monomers joined together
12 Monomer of NA nucleotides
(1) pentose sugar (2) phosphate group (3)
13 Structure of nucleotide
nitrogenous base
14 Purine bases adenine, guanine
15 Pyrimidine bases cytosine, thymine
16 Definition of dehydration synthesis A chemical bond formed by the removal of H2O
17 Why do nucleotides join antiparallel? Allows for equidistance
18 Bonding between bases A-T (2 hydrogen bonds) C-G (3 hydrogen bonds)
19 Differences between RNA and DNA (1) ribose sugar (2) uracil instead of thymine (3)
single stranded (4) shorter
20 Types of RNA Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA
21 Structure of mRNA Long straight strand
Carries genetic message from DNA to ribosome
22 Function of mRNA
about which protein to make
23 Structure of tRNA Coiled strand
Picks up amino acids from cytoplasm and carries
24 Function of tRNA them to ribosomes for protein synthesis
Plays important role in controlling the process of
25 Function of rRNA
protein synthesis
26 How is mtDNA inherited? It is contributed by the ovum during fertilisation
, When a sequence of bases of a small portion of DNA
27 Definition of transcription
(a gene) is used to form mRNA
When tRNA joins onto mRNA in the ribosomes
28 Definition of translation (bringing the relevant amino acid with it) such that
the message from DNA is translated into a protein
29 Where does protein synthesis occur? In the ribosomes
30 What controls protein synthesis? Indirectly controlled by DNA in a nucleus
(1) Small piece of DNA unwinds and strands separate
by H-bonds breaking (facilitated by
polymerase/helicase) (2) Free RNA nucleotides in
nucleoplasm link onto exposed bases on one of the
DNA strands by hydrogen bonding = coding strand
31 Process of Transcription (4)
(3) New nucleotides join their sugar-phosphates
together by Ester bonding to form a strand (4) New
mRNA strand breaks off DNA and contains a copy of
the sequence of nucleotides of a particular gene on
the DNA
(1) mRNA leaves nucleus through the nuclear pore
and moves to ribosome for translation where the
code is read in 3 letter groups (codons) (2) tRNA
transcribed in other regions of DNA consisting of a
coiled strand + 2 exposed areas - anticodon, linking
site for specific amino acid (3) tRNA in cytoplasm
pick up their specific amino acid according to their
anticodon + carry to ribosome (4) tRNA brings amino
32 Process of Translation (6)
acid to ribosome, where it moves along mRNA until
the anticodon finds a complementary codon, where
it links on temporarily (5) Amino acids join up by
peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, then
tRNA breaks away from amino acids and from
mRNA and then returns to the cytoplasm to collect
another amino acid (6) Polypeptide chain leaves the
ribosome + coils in the cytoplasm to form a protein
The last letter of the codon can vary, so most amino
33 What is Wobble Hypothesis?
acids can link onto more than one codon
(1) UV radiation (2) drugs (3) cigarettes (4) certain
34 External factors leading to mutations (5)
chemicals (5) certain viruses
(1) mistakes during DNA replication (2) mistakes
35 Chance factors leading to mutations (3)
during transcription (3) mistakes during translation
If mutation occurs when a gamete is being formed
36 When will mutations be carried by offspring?
or is in early stages of development
, A single base substituted for another, such that the
37 Definition of point mutation
meaning of a single codon is changed
(1) Synonymous/Sense (2) Missense (3) Nonsense (4)
38 Four types of point mutation
Frameshift
A point mutation that results in a codon for the
39 What is a sense mutation?
same amino acids
A point mutation that causes codons to code to code
40 What is a missense mutation?
for a different amino acid
A codon that stands for an amino acid mutates to a
41 What is a nonsense mutation?
stop codon
A base is deleted/added such that the whole frame
42 What is a frameshift mutation? shifts to the left or right, and every base codon is
thus affected from the point of mutation onwards
The fact that each person has a unique genetic
43 What is genetic fingerprinting based on? makeup which is contained in our DNA
Junk' or non-coding DNA that is not translated into
useful proteins and makes no contribution to the
health/survival of the organism is not eliminated
What does genetic fingerprinting use to
44 identify people? from the gene pool despite mutations occurring
frequently. DNA fingerprinting takes advantage of
these changes and creates a visible pattern of
differences to assess similarity
(1) DNA can be cut into shorter pieces by restriction
enzymes (2) DNA is unique and restriction enzymes
45 How is a DNA profile made? (3) therefore cut off different sized pieces (3) These
pieces can then be separated according to their size
on a gel
46 How is a large amount of DNA manufactured? Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) replicates small
sections of DNA in just a few hours
(1) Two primers are used to identify the
beginning/ending of the DNA stretch to be copied
(2) Polymerase moves along the segment of DNA,
47 How does PCR work? (3)
reads its code, and assembles a copy (3) Requires a
pile of nucleotides that polymerase will require to
make a copy
(1) criminal cases (2) identifying people (3) identify
48 Advantages of genetic fingerprinting (5) unrecognisable human remains (4) paternity tests
(5) diagnose inherited genetic disorders in new-
born/unborn babies
(1) expensive (2) subject to human error (3) can be
49 Disadvantages of genetic fingerprinting used to frame people (4) not everybody's DNA has
been profiled (5) may infringe on privacy rights
X
, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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x
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