Chapter 15 Skinner's Operant Analysis

CHAPTER i15-SKINNER'S iOPERANT iANALYSIS CHAPTER iOUTLINE I. iPersonality ifrom ian iOperant iAnalysis iApproach A. ipersonality-study iof iunique ilearning ihistory iand iunique igenetic imake-up i(assuming ithat ithe iperson iis inot ian iidentical itwin) iof ithe iindividual. B. ioperant ianalysis-study iof ithe iways iin iwhich ibehavior iis iacquired, imaintained, ior imodified iby iits ireinforcing ior ipunishing iconsequences. II. iOperant iconditioning-establishment iof ithe ilinkage ior iassociation ibetween ia ibehavior iand iits iconsequences. A. iComponents iof ioperant iconditioning 1. icontingency-relationship ibetween ia ibehavior iand iits iconsequences. a. ithree-term icontingency-this ikind iof icontingency ihas ithree iparts: i(1) ithe ievents ithat iprecedes ithe ibehavior; i(2) ithe ibehavior iitself; iand i(3) ithe iconsequences ithat ifollow ithe ibehavior. 2. idiscrimination-responding idifferently iin ithe ipresence iof idifferent isituational ievents. 3. igeneralization-learned iresponse iis imade ito ia iwide irange iof istimuli. i 4. ipositive ireinforcement-presentation iof ia ipositive ireinforcer ifollowing ia iresponse, iwith ithe iresult ithat ithe irate iof ithat iresponse iincreases. 5. inegative ireinforcement-removal iof ian iaversive istimulus i ifollowing ia iresponse, iwith ithe iresult ithat ithe irate iof ithat iresponse iincreases. i 6. ipositive ipunishment-presentation iof ian iaversive istimulus i ifollowing ia iresponse, iwith ithe iresult ithat ithe irate iof ithat iresponse idecreases. 7. inegative ipunishment-removal iof ia ipositive ireinforcer ifollowing ia iresponse, iwith ithe iresult ithat ithe irate iof ithat iresponse idecreases. __________________________________________________________________ i Summary iof iOperant iConditioning iPrinciples Positive iStimulus Negative iStimulus Presentation positive ireinforcement positive ipunishment Removal negative ipunishment negative ireinforcement 8. iextinction-reduction iin ibehavior ithat ioccurs ias ia iresult iof ithe ifailure ito ireinforce ipreviously ireinforced ibehavior. 9. ishaping-teaching ia inew ibehavior iby ireinforcing iresponses ithat isuccessively iapproximate iit. B. iSchedules iof ireinforcement 1. icontinuous-schedule iof ireinforcement iin iwhich ieach iresponse iis ifollowed iby ia ireinforcer. 2. iintermittent-schedule iof ireinforcement iin iwhich iresponses iproduce ireinforcers ionly ioccasionally. a. ifixed-ratio-schedule iof ireinforcement iin iwhich ia ifixed inumber iof iresponses iis irequired ibefore ia ireinforcer iis iapplied. b. ifixed-interval-schedule iof ireinforcement iin iwhich ithe ifirst iresponse ithat ioccurs iafter ia ifixed iamount iof i itime ihas ielapsed iis ireinforced. C. iSelf-control iprocesses-actions iinstigated iby ia iperson ito ialter ithe iconditions ithat iinfluence ihis ior iher ibehavior. 1. iphysical irestraints. 2. iphysical iaids. 3. ichanging ithe istimulus iconditions. 4. imanipulating iemotional iconditions. 5. iperforming ialternative iresponses. 6. ipositive iself-reinforcement. 7. iself-punishment. III. iPersonality iDevelopment-not ia istage itheory, ibut irather ipeople isurvive iby ilearning iwhich icontingencies ilead ito ireinforcement iand iwhich iones ilead ito ipunishment. A. irepertoires-unique iset iof iacquired ibehavior ipatterns. IV. iTherapeutic iAssessment iTechniques A. iSkinner idid inot iuse itraditional itechniques isuch ias idream ianalysis, ifree iassociation, iand ipersonality imeasures. i iInstead, ihe iinsisted ithat iwe ineeded ian iexperimental ianalysis iof ibehavior. i iWe ineed ito iidentify ithose ienvironments ithat ican ichange ibehavior iwe iconsider idetrimental ito ithe iindividual iand/or ito ithe isociety. V. iTheory's iImplications ifor iTherapy A. iBehavior imodification-series iof iprocedures ithat iseek ito ichange ibehavior ithrough ireliance ion ireinforcement iprinciples ior, iless ioften, iby ireliance ion ipunishment iprinciples. 1. idiscrimination itraining-procedure iin iwhich iperson ilearns ito iconfine icertain ibehaviors i(e.g., ieating) ito icertain isituations i(e.g., idining iroom itable) iand ito irefrain ifrom iperforming ithe ibehavior iin iother isituations i(e.g., iwatching i iTV, italking ion ithe iphone, ilying iin ibed ireading). 2. itime iout ifrom ireinforcement-punishment iprocedure iin iwhich, icontingent ion iundesirable ibehavior, iaccess ito ipositive ireinforcers iis iwithdrawn ifor ia ibrief iperiod. i 3. iresponse-cost-loss iof ipositive ireinforcer iafter iperforming ian iundesirable ibehavior. 4. ihabit ireversal-making ia iresponse ithat iis iincompatible iwith ian iundesirable ibehavior. 5. itoken ieconomy-procedure iin iwhich ipatients iearn itokens ifor iperforming ibehaviors ithat iare inecessary iif ithe ipatients iare ito ilive ieffectively. iThe itokens iare iconditioned ireinforcers ithat ican ibe iexchanged ifor iexperiences iand/or igoods idesired iby ithe ipatients. i i 6. iaversive itechniques-punishment iis iused ito istop ian iundesirable ibehavior. i i i 7. idifferential ireinforcement iof iother ibehavior i(DRO)-schedule i iof ireinforcement iin iwhich ireinforcement iis idelivered iat ithe iend iof ia itime iinterval iduring iwhich ino iinstances iof iunacceptable ibehavior ioccurred. 8. ishaping-teaching ia idesirable ibehavior iby ireinforcing iresponses ithat isuccessively iapproximate iit. VI. iTheory's iImplications ifor iEducation A. iWhat idoes inot iwork. 1. ipermissiveness idoes inot iwork. 2. ipunishment idoes inot iwork. B. iWhat idoes iwork. 1. iarranging icontingencies iof ireinforcement iso ithat istudents ican ilearn. i VII. iTheory's iImplications ifor iSociety A. iWalden iTwo-utopian isociety iin iwhich ienvironments iare istructured ito imeet icommunity imembers' ineeds. VIII. iEvaluative iComments i A. iComprehensiveness-initially inarrow iin iscope ibecause iit ifocused ialmost iexclusively ion iso-called ilower ianimals, ibut ilater idevelopments iof ithe itheory ifocused imore ion ihuman ibehavior, ithereby iincreasing ithe icomprehensiveness iof ithe itheory. iAs isuch, iit iis ia icomprehensive itheory. B. iPrecision iand itestability- iprecise iand itestable. C. iParsimony-relatively ieconomical, ibut istill ineeds isome iconcepts ito iexplain icertain isocial-learning iphenomena. D. iEmpirical ivalidity-strong iempirical isupport. E. iHeuristic ivalue-highly istimulating ito iinvestigators iin ia ivariety iof idisciplines. F. iApplied ivalue-strong iapplied ivalue, iespecially iin ithe iareas iof ipsychopathology iand ieducation. CLASSROOM iTOPICS iFOR iLECTURE, iDISCUSSION, iAND iDEMONSTRATION Skinner's iViews ion iPhysical iPunishment. i iA icommon imisconception iamong imany istudents iand isome iprofessionals iis ithat iSkinner iwas ian iauthoritarian iwho iwanted ito iuse iphysical ipunishment ito icontrol ithe iundesirable ibehaviors iof iindividuals. iNothing icould ibe ifarther ifrom ithe itruth. i iThroughout ihis ilong icareer, iSkinner ivigorously iopposed ithe iuse iof iphysical ipunishment ito icontrol ibehavior. i iHe iargued iagainst iits iuse ibecause i(1) ihe ibelieved ithat iits ieffects ion ibehavior iare ionly itemporary, i(2) iit icreates iundesirable iside-effects ithat igive irise ito iemotional iresponses ithat iprevent icorrective iaction, i(3) iit imay icreate istrong iconflict iin ipeople iso ithat ithey ibecome iindecisive iand itimid iand iunable ito iact ieffectively, iand i(4)it imay icreate iresentment iand ihostility iagainst ithe ipunisher ithat icould ilead ito icounter-attack. i According ito iSkinner, isociety irelies itoo iheavily ion ithe iuse iof ipunishment ito icontrol ithe icriminal ibehavior iof iits icitizens-fines, iincarceration. i iPeople ithen ilearn ito ifear ithe ipolice iand ito ifeel ithreatened iin itheir ipresence. i iAsk ithe istudents ito irecall ithe ilast itime ithey iwere ifollowed iby ia ipolice iofficer iin ihis ior iher icar. i iWere ithey ithinking ithat ithe inice iofficer iwas igoing ito istop ithem ito ipraise ithem ifor imaking ia icomplete istop iat ia ired itraffic ilight ior iputting ion itheir iturn isignal ibefore iturning ithe icorner? i iOr iwere ithey ithinking, i"What idid iI ido iwrong?" i iLike isociety, imany iparents irely itoo iheavily ion iphysical ipunishment ito icontrol itheir ichildren's iundesirable ibehavior? i iIf ipunishment igenerally idoes inot iwork, iwhy ido iso imany iparents icontinue ito iuse iit? i iFirst, iit iis ieasy ito iadminister; isecond, iit istops ithe iundesirable ibehavior i(at ileast itemporarily); iand ithird, iit iis ivery isatisfying ito ithe ipunisher. i iInstead iof ipunishment, iSkinner iadvocates ithe iuse iof ireward ito iencourage iconstructive ibehavior. i iThe ichild ishould ibe ipraised iwhen ihe iis iplaying icooperatively, inot iignored, i iand ithen inot ipunished iwhen ihe iacts iaggressively. i iShe ishould ibe ipraised ifor ireading, inot icriticized iwhen ishe ifails ito iread. i iHe ishould ibe ipraised ifor icleaning ihis iroom, inot ipunished ifor ileaving ithe iroom imessy. iBut istudents imay iargue ithat iit iwould ibe iimpossible ito ireward ievery iconstructive iact. i iSkinner iagreed, ibut inoted ithat iconsiderable iscientific iresearch ishows iclearly ithat iany ibehavior icould ibe imaintained, inot ionly iunder icontinuous ireinforcement iconditions, ibut iunder iintermittent ireinforcement iconditions ias iwell. i iSo igood ibehavior ineedn't ibe ireinforced ievery itime iit ioccurs, ibut ionly ioccasionally. If iSkinner iopposed ithe iuse iof iphysical ipunishment, ihow icould iundesirable ibehavior ibe istopped? i iThe ianswer, iin iSkinner's iview, iis ito iput ithe iperson ion ian iextinction ischedule iuntil ithe ibehavior istopped--in iother iwords, iignore ithe iperson iuntil ihe ior ishe ifinally istops. i iWhile itheoretically ithis iargument imakes isome isense, iin ireality iit iwould ibe ia idisaster. Undesirable ibehavior iis iusually ivery istrongly ilearned iand ivery iresistant ito iextinction, iand iit iwould itake ilong, ilong iperiods iof itime ifor ithe ibehavior ito istop. i iRecall ian iobnoxious ichild iwho iwhines, icries, iand iscreams icontinually iwhile iclinging ito ihis imother. i iHow ilong icould ishe iignore ithe ibehavior? i iFive iminutes, iten ior itwenty iminutes, ior iin ithe icase iof isomeone ias iholy ias iMother iTeresa, iperhaps i30 ior i40 iminutes ilonger. i iMost iparents igive iin iafter ia ifew iminutes, ithereby ireinforcing ithe ichild ifor ihis ibehavior iinto ithe inext imillennium. i iMost iparents ihave ibeen itaught ito iignore ithe iwhiny ibehavior, iwhile iat ithe isame itime iproviding ian ialternative ibehavior ithat iis imore idesirable. i iFor iexample, itelling ithe ichild ithat iif ihe istops icrying, ihe ican ihave ia ibig iice icream icone. i iThe iproblem ihere iis ithat iwhiny ibehavior imay ibe iencouraged ibecause iit iis ireinforced iby ia itreat. i iWhen ithe ichild iwants iice icream iin ithe ifuture, ihe istarts icrying iand iwhining. iSo, iwhat's ithe isolution? i iMany ipsychologists iwould iadvocate ithe iuse iof inonphysical ipunishment iprocedures ito icontrol iundesirable ibehavior-namely, iresponse icost i(punishment iprocedure iin iwhich, icontingent ion iundesirable ibehavior, ia ipositive ireinforcer iis iremoved ior ilost) iand itime-out ifrom ireinforcement i(punishment iprocedure iin iwhich, icontingent ion iundesirable ibehavior, iaccess ito ipositive ireinforcers iis iwithdrawn ifor ia ibrief iperiod). iThere iis imassive iresearch isupport ifor ithe ieffectiveness iof ithese iprocedures. iHowever, inearly iall ipsychologists iagree iwith iSkinner ithat ireward iis ipreferable ito ipunishment, iand ithat iunfortunately isociety iand iits imembers itend ito irely itoo iheavily ion iphysical ipunishment. i LEARNING iGOALS At ithe iconclusion iof iChapter i15, iyour istudents ishould ibe iable ito: 1. explain iwhy iSkinner ibelieved iso istrongly ithat iwe ineed ia itechnology iof ibehavior. 2. define iand iexplain ithe idifferences ibetween ipositive iand inegative ireinforcement iand ipositive iand inegative ipunishment. 3. distinguish ibetween idiscrimination iand igeneralization. 4. discuss ithe ivarious itechniques ithat ipeople iuse ito icontrol itheir ibehavior. 5. discuss ivarious ibehavior imodification itechniques iused iby itherapists ito ihelp itheir iclients ibecome imore ipsychologically ihealthy. TEST iBANK MULTIPLE iCHOICE 1. i iTo iJohn iB. iWatson, ipsychology iwas ithe: a. scientific istudy iof ithe imind b. study iof ithe isoul c. scientific istudy iof ibehavior d. scientific istudy iof iinner iexperience ANS: ic 2. i iIn iSkinner's iview, ithe istudy iof icause-and-effect irelationships ibetween ievents iis icalled: a. a icorrelational ianalysis b. a ifunctional ianalysis c. cognition iand ideterminism d. determinism ANS: ib 3. i iFor iSkinner, iverbal ireports iare: a. unacceptable iin ia iscientific ianalysis iof ibehavior b. acceptable, iif ithey iare icapable iof ibeing ireliably iand i iobjectively irecorded c. acceptable, iif ithey icontain imentalistic iexplanations d. nearly ialways ivague iand isubject ito iinterpretational ierrors ANS: ib 4. i iIn iSkinner's iopinion, ifree iwill iis: a. synonymous iwith ideterminism b. the ibasis ifor ifree ichoice iin ihuman ibeings c. a imyth d. a ifundamental iassumption iin ihis itheoretical isystem ANS: ic 5. i iVoluntary ibehavior ion ithe ipart iof ia iperson ithat iproduces iconsequences iis icalled: a. contingency ibehavior b. classical iconditioning ibehavior c. operant ibehavior d. reinforcer ibehavior ANS: ic 6. i iAccording ito iSkinner, ithe imost icommon iform iof icontrol iof ibehavior iin iour isociety iis: a. positive ireward b. reward c. extinction d. punishment ANS: id 7. i iA ischedule iof ireinforcement iin iwhich ia ifixed inumber iof iresponses iis irequired ibefore ia ireinforcer iis iapplied iis icalled ia: a. fixed-interval ischedule b. fixed-ratio ischedule c. variable iratio ischedule d. variable iinterval ischedule ANS: ib 8. i iStimuli iassociated iwith ibehavior ithat iincreases ithe ilikelihood iof ithe ioccurrence iof ithe ibehavior iare icalled: a. operant ireinforcers b. negative ireinforcers c. punishers d. positive ireinforcers ANS: id 9. i iAccording ito iSkinner, ithe iprimary igoal iof iscience iis ithe: a. description iof ievents b. prediction iand icontrol iof ievents c. naming iphenomena d. manipulation iof isome ievents ANS: ib 10. iIn iSkinner's iview, ithere iis: a. a iqualitative idifference ibetween inormal iand iabnormal ipeople b. no iqualitative idifferences ibetween iabnormal iand inormal ipeople c. a iquantitative idifference ibetween ineurotics iand ipsychotics d. no ineed ifor ia iscience ithat ican ipredict ievents ANS: ib 11. iProgrammed ilearning iis idesigned ito: a. ignore iindividual idifferences b. provide ithe istudent iwith isufficient ireinforcement ifor ihis ior iher iperformances c. teach ithe iindividual ito ibe ihighly icreative iand iimaginative d. be iefficient ibut irelatively iboring ANS: ib 12. iSkinner ihas iconstructed ia itheory ithat: a. is imore icomprehensive ithan ithe ione icreated iby iFreud b. is ivery iimprecise c. is istrongly isupported iby idata d. lacks iheuristic ivalue ANS: ic 13. iA ischedule iof ireinforcement iin iwhich ieach iresponse iis ifollowed iby ia ireinforcer iis icalled: a. a icontinuous ireinforcement ischedule b. an iintermittent ischedule c. extinction d. a ifixed-interval ischedule ANS: ia 14. iA igoad ito ibehavior iis icalled ia: a. response b. stimulus c. stimulation d. conditioned iresponse ANS: ib 15. iAccording ito iSkinner, ione iof ithe iprimary iobstacles ito iscientific iprogress iin ipsychology iis: a. determinism b. free iwill iand ideterminism c. cognition d. mentalism ANS: id 16. iAccording ito iSkinner, iall icontrol iof ibehavior: a. is igood b. is ibad c. may ibe igood ior ibad, idepending ion iits iconsequences ifor ipeople d. is igood, ibut inot ibad, idepending ion iour iinput iinto ithe idecision-making iprocess ANS: ic 17. iKissing, idressing, iand isinging iare iall iexamples iof: a. classical iconditioning b. operant ibehavior c. contingency ischedules d. schedules iof ireinforcement ANS: ib 18. iThe iconcept iused ito idescribe ithe iprocess iwhereby ithe ifailure ito ireinforce ia iresponse iaffects iits ioccurrence iby imaking iit iless iand iless iis icalled: a. punishment b. extinction c. reinforcement d. negative ireinforcement ANS: ib 19. iSkinner iopposes ithe iuse iof ipunishment ito icontrol ibehavior ibecause iit: a. cannot istop ithe iundesired ibehavior iat iall b. can icreate iemotional iresponses ithat iare iincompatible iwith iappropriate ibehavior c. creates ian iinner istruggle ibetween ischedules iof ireinforcement d. is idifficult ito iadminister iin imost isituations ANS: ib 20. iA ischedule iof ireinforcement iin iwhich ia ipositive ireinforcer iis idelivered iat ithe iend iof ia itime iinterval iin iwhich ino iinstances iof iunacceptable ibehavior ioccurred iis icalled: i a. differential ireinforcement iof iother ibehavior b. contingency iplanning ieffect c. rapid iinterval ireinforcement i i i i d. generalization iextinction i i i ANS: ia 21. iIn iWalden i2, ithere iare: a. eight iplanners, ifive iwomen iand ithree imen b. six iplanners, iusually ithree iwomen iand ithree imen c. ten iplanners, iusually ifive iwomen iand ifive imen d. four iplanners, itwo imen iand itwo iwomen ANS: ib 22. iIt iis iclear ithat iWalden i2 iis ia: a. democracy b. highly icompetitive iand iexploitative isociety c. benevolent idictatorship d. community iwhich iemphasizes ithe iindiscriminate iaccumulation iof imaterial igoods ANS: ic 23. iSkinner's iview ion idemocracy iis ithat: a. democracy iis ia ifine iinstitution b. it iis ian iinstitution ithat ishould ibe iimproved iso ithat iits icitizens' ihappiness iwill ibe imaximized c. it iis ia iform iof igovernment iin iwhich ithe imajority iis iat ithe imercy iof ithe iminority d. democracy iis ireally idespotism isince ithe iminority iis iat ithe imercy iof ithe imajority ANS: id 24. iIn iSkinner's iWalden i2, ia iperson's iself-esteem iis ibased iupon: a. personal igain b. the iaccumulation iof imaterial igoods c. making icontributions ifor ithe ibetterment iof ithe icommunity d. earning ilarge isums iof imoney ANS: ic 25. iIn iSkinner's iview, iWalden i2: a. springs ifrom ia irejection iof imodern ilife b. is inot ibased ion ia iromanticized i"return ito ithe ifarm" iphilosophy c. is iprimarily idependent ifor iits icontinuation ion ithe ilarger, ioutside icommunity d. is ia ihighly icompetitive icommunity ANS: ib 26. iIn iSkinner's iview, ipersonality iinvolves: a. seeing ithe iperson ias ian ioriginating iagent iof ihis/her ibehavior b. the isystematic iexamination iof ithe iunique ilearning ihistory iand iunique igenetic ibackground iof ithe iindividual c. seeing ithe iperson iin iterms iof ia icollection iof itraits iwhich idirect ibehavior d. an iexamination iof ithe imany itraits iand iinstincts ithat igovern ibehavior ANS: ib 27. iAccording ito iSkinner, iwhen iwe iclap iour ihands iover iour imouths ito iavoid ilaughing iat isomeone ielse's imistakes, iwe iare iexercising ia iform iof iself-control icalled: a. physical iaid b. manipulating iemotional iconditions c. physical irestraint d. performing ialternative iresponses ANS: ic 28. iWhen ioverweight ipeople iput ia ibox iof icandy iout iof isight iin iorder ito iavoid itemptation, ithey iare iexercising ia iform iof iself-control iSkinner icalls: a. manipulating iemotional iconditions b. physical iaids c. changing ithe istimulus iconditions d. physical irestraints ANS: ic 29. iIn ithe istudy iby iPutnam, iHandler, iRamirez-Platt, iand iLuiselli ion iimproving ithe ibus-riding ibehavior iof ischool ichildren, iit iwas ifound ithat: a. the iuse iof ia ilottery isystem ito ireward idesirable ibehavior ireduced irowdy ibehavior ion ithe ibuses b. the iuse iof iconstant ireinforcers ifor ievery ichild ifailed ito ilower idesirable ibehavior i i i i c. parents iwere iable ito ireduce irowdy ibehavior iby ispanking ieach ichild d. the iuse iof ilottery isystem iwas ihighly iineffective iin ieliminating irowdy ibehavior ANS: ia 30. iSkinner icalls iunique, iacquired ibehavior ipatterns, ia(n): a. reinforcement b. stimulus c. mentalism d. repertoire ANS: id 31. iWhen iOlivia iputs ia ibox iof icandy iout iof isight iin iorder ito iavoid itemptation, ishe iis iexercising ia iform iof iself-control iSkinner icalls: a. changing ithe istimulus iconditions b. physical iaids c. physical irestraints d. manipulating iemotional iconditions ANS: ia 32. iWhen iMike i"psychs ihimself iup" ibefore ian iimportant igame, ihe iis iexercising ia iform iof iself-control iSkinner icalls: a. changing ithe istimulus iconditions b. physical irestraints c. physical iaids d. manipulating iemotional iconditions ANS: id 33. iA igood iexample iof ia iprimary ireinforcer iis: a. praise b. attention c. food d. money ANS: ic 34. iA igood iexample iof ia isecondary ireinforcer iis: a. food b. water c. sex d. attention ANS: id 35. iA igood iexample iof ia inegative ireinforcer iis: a. electric ishock b. water c. food d. sex ANS: ia 36. iA igood iexample iof ia iprimary ipunisher iis: a. a ivery iloud inoise b. poor igrades c. ridicule d. sarcasm ANS: ia 37. iA igood iexample iof ia isecondary ipunisher iis: a. loud inoise b. extremely ibright ilights c. physical iassault d. criticism ANS: id 38. iMike ihits ione iof ihis iclassmates iand iis iinstructed iby ihis iteacher ito isit ion ithe iperiphery iof ithe igroup iand iobserve ithe iappropriate ibehavior iof ithe iother ichildren. i iThen ihe iis iinvited ito ireturn ito ithe igroup ionce ihe iindicates ithat ihe iunderstands ihow ito iplay icooperatively. i iFinally, ihe iis ireinforced ifor ithe icorrect ibehavior. i iThis iform iof idiscipline iis icalled: a. shaping b. a icontingent iobservation iprocedure c. a itoken ieconomy d. classical iconditioning ANS: ib 39. iTo ireduce ihis iweight, iSteve ilearns ito ieat ionly iin ithe idining iroom iand inot iwhile ihe iis iwatching iTV. i iThis iform iof iself-discipline iis icalled: a. shaping b. a idiscrimination itraining iprocedure c. a itoken ieconomy d. classical iconditioning ANS: ib 40. iIf iJohn ilies ito ihis imother iabout ihis igrades, iand ihis ifather ithen itakes iaway ihis iallowance imoney, ithe iform iof idiscipline iis icalled: a. shaping b. response-cost c. discrimination itraining d. classical iconditioning ANS: ib 41. iThe imost icommon iform iof itreatment ifor ihyperactivity iin ichildren iis ithe iprescription iof ia imedication icalled: a. LSD b. aspirin c. Ritalin d. lithium ANS: ic 42. iIn ithe istudy iby iJackson iand iWallace iin iwhich ia igirl iwas itrained ito ispeak iat ian iappropriate ilevel, ithe iform iof itherapeutic iprocedure iused iwas: a. classical iconditioning b. response-cost c. shaping d. lots iof ilove iand iaffection ANS: ic 43. iIn iWalden i2 ithe ipeople iresponsible ifor iproviding iadequate igoods iand iservices ito icommunity imembers iare ithe: a. planners b. managers c. mothers d. fathers ANS: ib 44. iWhen iJenny iclaps iher ihands iover iher imouth ito iavoid ilaughing iat iChristine's imistakes, ishe iis iexercising ia iform iof iself-control icalled: a. physical iaid b. physical irestraint c. emotional ileveling d. response-cost ANS: ib 45. iA irule iwhich istates ithat isome ievent, iB, iwill ioccur iif iand ionly iif ianother ievent, iA, ioccurs iis icalled ia: a. stimulus b. contingency c. good d. voluntary iresponse ANS: ib 46. iIf iJeff iquickly ilearns ito iavoid ieating ismelly imeats iand ito ieat ired imeats iinstead, ihis ibehavior iis isaid ito ibe: a. emotional b. under iinstinctive icontrol c. under istimulus icontrol d. programmed ANS: ic 47. iEvents ithat ihelp iinitiate iresponses iare icalled: a. neutralizers b. generalizers c. instinctive istimuli d. prompts ANS: id 48. iA ibehavior ithat iis ireinforced iin ione isituation iwhich ialso iincreases iin iother isituations i(even ithough iit iis inot ireinforced iin ithose isituations) iis icalled: a. response igeneralization b. stimulus iand iresponse c. discrimination igeneralization d. stimulus igeneralization ANS: id 49. iGeneralization iis ia iphenomenon ithat iis iopposite ito: a. conditioning b. emotional ileveling c. discrimination d. situational igeneralization ANS: ic 50. iIn ithe istudy iby iClayton iand iHelms ion ithe iuse iof iprompts ito icontrol icar iseat ibelt iuse ias istudents iexited ia iparking ilot, iit iwas ifound ithat: a. 95% iof ithe istudents iin ithe icontrol icondition iwere ialready ibuckled iup. b. in ithe i“Please iBuckle iup-I iCare” icondition, ionly i10% iof ithe idrivers icomplied iand ibuckled iup. c. in ithe i“Click iit ior iTicket” icondition, i100% iof ithe idrivers icomplied. d. 86% iof ithe idrivers iin ithe iPlease iBuckle iup-I iCare” icondition icomplied, iwhereas i92% iof ithe idrivers iin ithe i“Click iit ior iTicket” icomplied iwith ithe iprompt. ANS: id 51. iWhen iwe ilearn ithat ia ired ilight iis ia icue ifor ius ito ibring iour icar ito ia ihalt, iwhereas ia igreen ilight iindicates ithat iwe ican iproceed, iSkinner iwould isay ithat iwe ihave ilearned ia: a. generalization b. discrimination c. conditioning ilight d. stimulus igeneralization ANS: ib MSC: iWWW 52. iIn iSkinner's iview, ipunishment: a. can ipermanently ieliminate iany ibehavior b. applied iafter ia iresponse iincreases ithe irate iof ithat iresponse c. temporarily isuppresses ibehavior d. applied iafter ia iresponse iresults iin idenial ANS: ic MSC: iWWW 53. iWhen iwe iwalk iaway ifrom ia iperson iwho ihas iinsulted ius, iwe ihave iused ia iself-control itechnique icalled: a. physical irestraints b. positive ireinforcement c. physical iaids d. extinction ANS: ia MSC: iWWW 54. iSkinner ithought ithat iwhen itherapists iuse iguidance ias ia itechnique: a. it igenerally ihelps itheir iclients imake isubstantial iprogress itoward icure b. they iobscure ithe ireinforcements iactually iresponsible ifor ithe ichanges iin itheir iclients' ibehavior c. they ican iidentify iprecisely ithe ireinforcements iresponsible ifor ibehavioral ichanges iin itheir iclients' ibehavior d. it iis ieffective, iespecially iin igroup icounseling ANS: ib MSC: iWWW 55. iIn iSkinner's iview, ithe istudy iof icause-and-effect irelationships ibetween ievents iis ibased ion ian iunderlying iassumption iof: a. luck b. fate c. determinism d. correlation ANS: ic MSC: iWWW COMPLETION 1. i______________ irefers ito iexplanations ithat igive ithe iappearance iof ihelping ius ito iunderstand iour ibehavior, ibut iin ifact ido inot ihelp ius iat iall. ANS: iMentalism 2. iAccording ito iSkinner, iit iis iusually ithe i______________ ithat icauses iour ibehavior. ANS: ienvironment 3. iSkinner ibelieved ithat ipersonality iinvolves ia isystematic istudy iof ithe iunique i i______________ ihistory iand iunique igenetic ibackground iof ithe iindividual. ANS: ilearning 4. i______________ ibehavior iincludes ireading, iwriting, iwalking, iand irunning. ANS: iOperant 5. iPeople ilearn ia i______________ iwhen ithey iunderstand ithat itheir ibehavior iis ilikely ito ibe ireinforced iin ithe ipresence iof icertain istimuli iand iunlikely ito ibe ireinforced iin ithe ipresence iof iother istimuli. ANS: idiscrimination 6. i_____________ igeneralization ioccurs iif ia ibehavior ithat iis ireinforced iin ione isituation ialso iincreases iin iother isituations. ANS: iStimulus 7. iElectric ishock iand isudden iloud inoises iare iexamples iof i______________. ANS: iprimary ipunishers 8. i______________ ifrom ireinforcement irefers ito ithe iremoval iof iall ipositive ireinforcers ifor ia icertain iperiod iof itime. ANS: iTime iout 9. iThe ipresentation iof ia ipositive ireinforcer ifollowing ia ibehavior, iwith ithe iresult ithat ithe irate iof ithat ibehavior iincreases iis icalled i______________. ANS: ipositive ireinforcement 10. iA iunique iset iof iacquired ibehavior ipatterns iis icalled ia i______________. ANS: irepertoire TRUE/FALSE 1. iA ibehavioristic ianalysis iwould ifocus ion ithose ievents iin ithe ienvironment ithat ihelp iproduce ithe ibehavior. ANS: iT 2. iThe iestablishment iof ian iassociation ibetween ibehavior iand iits iconsequences iis icalled ioperant iconditioning. ANS: iT 3. iWhen iour iresponses iare idifferentially icontrolled iby iour iinstincts, ithey iare iconsidered ito ibe iunder istimulus icontrol. ANS: iF 4. iGeneralization iis ithe iopposite iof idiscrimination. ANS: iT 5. iFood, iwater, iand isex iare isecondary ireinforcers. ANS: iF 6. iNegative ireinforcers iare iaversive istimuli, ie.g., ivery iloud inoises iand ielectric ishock. ANS: iT 7. iCriticism, iridicule, iand isarcasm iare iprimary ipunishers. ANS: iF 8. iAntecedent istimuli ithat ihelp iinitiate ibehavior iare icalled iprompts. ANS: iT 9. iA ifixed-interval ischedule iis ione iin iwhich ithe ifirst iresponse ithat ioccurs iafter ia ifixed iamount iof itime ihas ielapsed iis ipunished. ANS: iF 10. iResearch iindicates ithat icorporal ipunishment iadministered iby iparents ito itheir ichildren isubsequently iproduces iaggressive iand idelinquent ibehavior iin ithem. ANS: iT ESSAY 1. i iIn iSkinner's iopinion, iwhy iis ithere ia ineed ifor ia iscientific itechnology iof ibehavior? i iWhat iare ithe idangers iof imentalism ias ihe isees iit? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 2. i iWhat iis ioperant iconditioning? i iUnder iwhat iconditions iis ithe ioccurrence iof ibehavior imade imore ior iless iprobable? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 3. i iWhy iis iSkinner iopposed ito ithe iuse iof ipunishment ito icontrol ibehavior? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 4. i iDescribe ithe ivarious ischedules iof ireinforcement iand itheir irelationships ito ithe idevelopment iof ihealthy iand iunhealthy ibehavior. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 5. i iAssess iSkinner's itheory iin iterms iof ithe isix icriteria ifor ijudging ithe iworth iof ia iscientific itheory. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 6. i iWhat iis ioperant iextinction? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 7. i iWhat ikinds iof iself-control iprocedures ican ibe iused ito iminimize iaversive iexperiences? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 8. i iName ithe ivarious ikinds iof ioperant iconditioning iprocedures iwhich ihave ibeen iused ito ieliminate isocially iundesirable ibehavior. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 9. i iWhat iare itoken ieconomies? ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided 10. iDefine ia iresponse-cost iprocedure iand idiscuss iresearch iwhich ishows ihow iit ican ibe iused ito ireduce ihyperactivity iin ichildren. ANS: iAnswer inot iprovided