PYC4802 EXAMINATION NOTES
AND PREVIOUS EXAM QUESTIONS AND FULL ANSWERS.
- CHILD ABUSE
- POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
- SUBSTANCE RELATED AND ADDICTION DISORDER
- MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
,CHILD ABUSE
Brofenbrenner Ecological paradigm
Micro system:
Face to face interactions: parents, friends and teachers
Meso-system:
Interconnections between the micro systems
Exo-system:
Have indirect influence: parent’s job community politics and
school administration.
Macro-system:
Individual’s ethnicity and culture, his/her larger social and political
organisation and belief system.
Chrono system:
Changes in person or environment over time.
Risks and vulnerabilities within the micro- and mesosystem
Individual factors (child, parent, family)
Several studies have found that parents who were maltreated as children are more likely to
maltreat their children. Parents with an insecure attachment type are more likely to abuse their
children than parents with a secure attachment style. Child neglect has been linked to parental
psychopathology such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, manic depression,
schizophrenia, and antisocial disorder.
There is a link between parental drinking and drug misuse and the likelihood of child
maltreatment. Some maltreated parents have been observed to misinterpret their children's
developmental standards. Young parents are especially prone to have false expectations about
their children's early growth. Child maltreatment is associated with younger mother ages.
Financial constraints can limit families' capacity to satisfy their children's social and emotional
,needs, resulting in poverty, children dropping out of school, living on the streets, engaging in
child labor, or being coerced into early marriage.
Caregivers' educational resources are critical; general literacy may raise awareness and help them
adopt modern childcare thoughts and practices. The provision of prenatal care, child nutritional
support, and educational resources can all help to avoid child maltreatment. The environment in
which children grow is also an important component of the microsystem. Poverty,
socioeconomic inequities, and a lack of rural development can all contribute to an increase in
child abuse. The level of irritation tolerated by parents can impact the risk of child abuse
occurring. Problem-solving technique from a parent. Parental coping abilities. Unemployment
may lead to a sense of helplessness, especially for dads who see themselves as family providers,
and violence can be an attempt to reclaim control.
Child vulnerabilities
Premature delivery and a child's mental capacity have both been linked to an increased risk of
maltreatment. A link has also been shown between children's chronic health issues, physical and
mental impairments, and the likelihood of child maltreatment. It has been discovered that
children with challenging temperaments are more likely to be maltreated, and it has been
suggested that children with ADHD are more likely to be maltreated. Girls have been discovered
to be more likely than males to be sexually assaulted. Unplanned pregnancies and preterm
newborns can add stress to an already stressed-out mother, increasing the likelihood of abuse.
Family vulnerabilities
Family structure also provides a danger; single parent homes are more likely to be abused, while
bigger families are more likely to be neglected. When parents and children spend more time
together at home, there is an increased risk of child maltreatment, especially when other risk
factors, such as unemployment, occur. A link has been shown between a lack of support within a
marital relationship and child abuse. As a result, an unsupportive spouse or no partner appears to
increase the likelihood of child abuse. Communication and relationship issues between parents
and their children have been linked to an increased likelihood of child abuse. Domestic violence
and marital strife raise the likelihood of child maltreatment. Family members with special needs
might add stress and increase the likelihood of child abuse.
Risks and vulnerabilities within the exosystem
(workplace, school, neighbourhood, community)
This includes the parental workplace, community childcare facilities such as social welfare and
juvenile justice systems, as well as child social protection programmes.
Extreme poverty has been identified as a major danger to optimal family functioning, and
socioeconomically disadvantaged households are at the greatest risk of child maltreatment.
Physical punishment has been reported to be more common in lower socioeconomic class
families to discipline disobedience and aggressiveness. Unhealthy working conditions make it
difficult to spend quality time with children, which leads to neglect. Child maltreatment is
, connected with social isolation, so when faced with stress, maltreating families have no network
members to turn to for assistance.
Child abuse can be complicated by the lack of childcare resources, economic assistance, and
educational development chances. For example, home nursing care after birth for adolescent
moms has resulted in a higher birth weight and fewer documented incidents of child abuse
(Bronfenbrenner, 1986). Because certain neighborhoods are characterized by poverty,
unemployment, educational disadvantage, stress, and violence, child maltreatment and
community violence are likely to co-occur in many cases. Social networks, both official and
informal. The general well-being of the community Inadequate resources, infrastructure, and
services can all lead to increased violence in communities.
Risks and vulnerabilities within the macrosystem
(culture and beliefs, customs and norms)
Cultural ideas are spread across the macrosystem, through agencies and social networks, using
information with specific meaning (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). When compared to other countries,
the United States has a high rate of violence. South African society appears to condone the use of
physical force to resolve interpersonal disagreements. Other cultural variables, such as religion
and ethnicity, appear to be related to the likelihood of child abuse. Abusive cultural practices in
South Africa - Harmful traditional practices, such as child marriage, continue to be widespread in
areas of Africa. The use of body parts for witchcraft, muti, or other traditional rituals, which are
either sold or utilized.
Legislative framework for child protection — A South African High Court decision has declared
all kinds of physical punishment, no matter how mild or well-intended, illegal. Globalization has
resulted in a rise in individualism, which leads to social isolation, which increases the likelihood
of child abuse. The family's perception of the role of social and welfare institutions in helping
families can lead to child abuse. Values and social norms: Large segments of the South African
population have opinions and values. They may believe that males have the right to wield
authority over women and children in particular. This may include the idea that males may beat
women and children and take sexual advantage of them. Rape of babies has been viewed as a
means of punishing the child's mother or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS. Cultural beliefs and
practices in South Africa, particularly early marriage, can function as a risk factor for violence
against children, since children are seen as the property of adults, denying them respect and
rights.
Children's unquestioning loyalty and subservience to adults, particularly men, allows child abuse
to go unnoticed. This is linked to the notion that child abuse, like other forms of domestic
violence, is a "private" problem that should not be addressed outside the house. Sexual abuse of
girls is also frequently concealed for fear of stigmatizing the kid in the larger society. In South
Africa, patriarchal ideas imply that males have biologically-driven sexual desires over which
they have no control, which fosters a sense of sexual entitlement among men and puts children at
danger of sexual abuse. Social expectations might sometimes deter women from reporting abuse.
AND PREVIOUS EXAM QUESTIONS AND FULL ANSWERS.
- CHILD ABUSE
- POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
- SUBSTANCE RELATED AND ADDICTION DISORDER
- MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
,CHILD ABUSE
Brofenbrenner Ecological paradigm
Micro system:
Face to face interactions: parents, friends and teachers
Meso-system:
Interconnections between the micro systems
Exo-system:
Have indirect influence: parent’s job community politics and
school administration.
Macro-system:
Individual’s ethnicity and culture, his/her larger social and political
organisation and belief system.
Chrono system:
Changes in person or environment over time.
Risks and vulnerabilities within the micro- and mesosystem
Individual factors (child, parent, family)
Several studies have found that parents who were maltreated as children are more likely to
maltreat their children. Parents with an insecure attachment type are more likely to abuse their
children than parents with a secure attachment style. Child neglect has been linked to parental
psychopathology such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, manic depression,
schizophrenia, and antisocial disorder.
There is a link between parental drinking and drug misuse and the likelihood of child
maltreatment. Some maltreated parents have been observed to misinterpret their children's
developmental standards. Young parents are especially prone to have false expectations about
their children's early growth. Child maltreatment is associated with younger mother ages.
Financial constraints can limit families' capacity to satisfy their children's social and emotional
,needs, resulting in poverty, children dropping out of school, living on the streets, engaging in
child labor, or being coerced into early marriage.
Caregivers' educational resources are critical; general literacy may raise awareness and help them
adopt modern childcare thoughts and practices. The provision of prenatal care, child nutritional
support, and educational resources can all help to avoid child maltreatment. The environment in
which children grow is also an important component of the microsystem. Poverty,
socioeconomic inequities, and a lack of rural development can all contribute to an increase in
child abuse. The level of irritation tolerated by parents can impact the risk of child abuse
occurring. Problem-solving technique from a parent. Parental coping abilities. Unemployment
may lead to a sense of helplessness, especially for dads who see themselves as family providers,
and violence can be an attempt to reclaim control.
Child vulnerabilities
Premature delivery and a child's mental capacity have both been linked to an increased risk of
maltreatment. A link has also been shown between children's chronic health issues, physical and
mental impairments, and the likelihood of child maltreatment. It has been discovered that
children with challenging temperaments are more likely to be maltreated, and it has been
suggested that children with ADHD are more likely to be maltreated. Girls have been discovered
to be more likely than males to be sexually assaulted. Unplanned pregnancies and preterm
newborns can add stress to an already stressed-out mother, increasing the likelihood of abuse.
Family vulnerabilities
Family structure also provides a danger; single parent homes are more likely to be abused, while
bigger families are more likely to be neglected. When parents and children spend more time
together at home, there is an increased risk of child maltreatment, especially when other risk
factors, such as unemployment, occur. A link has been shown between a lack of support within a
marital relationship and child abuse. As a result, an unsupportive spouse or no partner appears to
increase the likelihood of child abuse. Communication and relationship issues between parents
and their children have been linked to an increased likelihood of child abuse. Domestic violence
and marital strife raise the likelihood of child maltreatment. Family members with special needs
might add stress and increase the likelihood of child abuse.
Risks and vulnerabilities within the exosystem
(workplace, school, neighbourhood, community)
This includes the parental workplace, community childcare facilities such as social welfare and
juvenile justice systems, as well as child social protection programmes.
Extreme poverty has been identified as a major danger to optimal family functioning, and
socioeconomically disadvantaged households are at the greatest risk of child maltreatment.
Physical punishment has been reported to be more common in lower socioeconomic class
families to discipline disobedience and aggressiveness. Unhealthy working conditions make it
difficult to spend quality time with children, which leads to neglect. Child maltreatment is
, connected with social isolation, so when faced with stress, maltreating families have no network
members to turn to for assistance.
Child abuse can be complicated by the lack of childcare resources, economic assistance, and
educational development chances. For example, home nursing care after birth for adolescent
moms has resulted in a higher birth weight and fewer documented incidents of child abuse
(Bronfenbrenner, 1986). Because certain neighborhoods are characterized by poverty,
unemployment, educational disadvantage, stress, and violence, child maltreatment and
community violence are likely to co-occur in many cases. Social networks, both official and
informal. The general well-being of the community Inadequate resources, infrastructure, and
services can all lead to increased violence in communities.
Risks and vulnerabilities within the macrosystem
(culture and beliefs, customs and norms)
Cultural ideas are spread across the macrosystem, through agencies and social networks, using
information with specific meaning (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). When compared to other countries,
the United States has a high rate of violence. South African society appears to condone the use of
physical force to resolve interpersonal disagreements. Other cultural variables, such as religion
and ethnicity, appear to be related to the likelihood of child abuse. Abusive cultural practices in
South Africa - Harmful traditional practices, such as child marriage, continue to be widespread in
areas of Africa. The use of body parts for witchcraft, muti, or other traditional rituals, which are
either sold or utilized.
Legislative framework for child protection — A South African High Court decision has declared
all kinds of physical punishment, no matter how mild or well-intended, illegal. Globalization has
resulted in a rise in individualism, which leads to social isolation, which increases the likelihood
of child abuse. The family's perception of the role of social and welfare institutions in helping
families can lead to child abuse. Values and social norms: Large segments of the South African
population have opinions and values. They may believe that males have the right to wield
authority over women and children in particular. This may include the idea that males may beat
women and children and take sexual advantage of them. Rape of babies has been viewed as a
means of punishing the child's mother or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS. Cultural beliefs and
practices in South Africa, particularly early marriage, can function as a risk factor for violence
against children, since children are seen as the property of adults, denying them respect and
rights.
Children's unquestioning loyalty and subservience to adults, particularly men, allows child abuse
to go unnoticed. This is linked to the notion that child abuse, like other forms of domestic
violence, is a "private" problem that should not be addressed outside the house. Sexual abuse of
girls is also frequently concealed for fear of stigmatizing the kid in the larger society. In South
Africa, patriarchal ideas imply that males have biologically-driven sexual desires over which
they have no control, which fosters a sense of sexual entitlement among men and puts children at
danger of sexual abuse. Social expectations might sometimes deter women from reporting abuse.
