DUKE EOS 101 MIDTERM 1VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Big Bang Theory - Answers - an unimaginably large explosion that created all the
matter and space of our universe
14 billion years - Answers - age of universe
doppler effect - Answers - frequency increases as something moves closer and
decreases as something moves away
red shift - Answers - shift of light when something is moving away; faster it is moving,
more redshift; further stars move faster; Hubble; linear
Henrietta Leavitt - Answers - used luminosity of a particular galaxy to estimate
distance. Brighter=Closer, Dimmer=Farther
light year - Answers - distance light travels in a year
nebular theory - Answers - Swirling clumps of matter (nebula) collapse into a disk
shape due to gravitational attraction and centrifugal force
Milky Way Galaxy - Answers - spiral galaxy; 100,000 light years in diameter; 200
billion stars in it
our solar system - Answers - formation like nebular hypothesis; planets accrete and
grow from dust and gas
heat rising in proto-solar system and earth later - Answers - gravitational collapse
(potential energy released as heat), impacts during accretion (kinetic energy),
radioactive decay
thermal gradient - Answers - hot and rocky on the inside, cold and volatiles
(methane, CO2, water) on the outside
5 gm/cm^3 - Answers - avg density of inner planets (mercury, venus, earth, mars)
1 gm/cm^3 - Answers - avg density of outer planets (jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune)
magma ocean - Answers - EARTH HEATED ENOUGH TO FORM THIS (CORE)
density - Answers - this caused iron and other heavier elements to sink into the core
of the earth
4.6 billion years old - Answers - age of the earth and solar system
radiometric dating - Answers - how we know the age of the earth and solar system
, layering by physical properties - Answers - lithosphere (includes crust: low density),
upper mantle (less dense; asthenosphere/transition zone), lower mantle (denser),
outer core (liquid), lower core (solid)
layering by chemical properties - Answers - crust (low density rock), mantle (high
density rock), core (iron/nickel)
lithosphere - Answers - outermost rigid shell, 100 km thick, crust and uppermost
mantle
asthenosphere - Answers - soft, weak layer beneath the lithosphere; upper mantle
1960 - Answers - year plate tectonic theory was proposed
continental drift - Answers - theory put out by Alfred Wegener in 1915
fit of the continents - Answers - a piece of evidence for continental drift; opponents
argued that continental margins are sites of constant change and that the fit isn't
perfect
fossil evidence - Answers - mesosaurus (Africa and South America); glossopteris
(Australia, Antarctica, India, Africa, South America); opponents argued land bridges
or rafting
matching rock stratigraphy - Answers - a piece of evidence for continental drift;
similar deposits across continents, like in SE Brazil and SW Africa
matching geologic features - Answers - appalachian mountains and caledonian
mountains
ancient climate evidence - Answers - tropical swamps in Europe and US long time
ago (we know this because there is coal there) and glacial ice deposits in India
glacial striations - Answers - glacier flows seem to point downhill toward oceans
reasons continental drift wasn't accepted - Answers - no plausible mechanism (tides
were proposed - opponents: "force not big enough"); if continents bull-dozed
through, there would be sediments dragged
paleomagnetism: apparent polar wander - Answers - fossil compasses
Curie temperature - Answers - below this temperature, iron-rich materials can "hold"
a magnetization (500-1000)
magnetic declination - Answers - horizontal angle between geographic and magnetic
pole
magnetic inclination - Answers - dip; positive values indicate a downward pointing
field; LOOK UP MORE
Big Bang Theory - Answers - an unimaginably large explosion that created all the
matter and space of our universe
14 billion years - Answers - age of universe
doppler effect - Answers - frequency increases as something moves closer and
decreases as something moves away
red shift - Answers - shift of light when something is moving away; faster it is moving,
more redshift; further stars move faster; Hubble; linear
Henrietta Leavitt - Answers - used luminosity of a particular galaxy to estimate
distance. Brighter=Closer, Dimmer=Farther
light year - Answers - distance light travels in a year
nebular theory - Answers - Swirling clumps of matter (nebula) collapse into a disk
shape due to gravitational attraction and centrifugal force
Milky Way Galaxy - Answers - spiral galaxy; 100,000 light years in diameter; 200
billion stars in it
our solar system - Answers - formation like nebular hypothesis; planets accrete and
grow from dust and gas
heat rising in proto-solar system and earth later - Answers - gravitational collapse
(potential energy released as heat), impacts during accretion (kinetic energy),
radioactive decay
thermal gradient - Answers - hot and rocky on the inside, cold and volatiles
(methane, CO2, water) on the outside
5 gm/cm^3 - Answers - avg density of inner planets (mercury, venus, earth, mars)
1 gm/cm^3 - Answers - avg density of outer planets (jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune)
magma ocean - Answers - EARTH HEATED ENOUGH TO FORM THIS (CORE)
density - Answers - this caused iron and other heavier elements to sink into the core
of the earth
4.6 billion years old - Answers - age of the earth and solar system
radiometric dating - Answers - how we know the age of the earth and solar system
, layering by physical properties - Answers - lithosphere (includes crust: low density),
upper mantle (less dense; asthenosphere/transition zone), lower mantle (denser),
outer core (liquid), lower core (solid)
layering by chemical properties - Answers - crust (low density rock), mantle (high
density rock), core (iron/nickel)
lithosphere - Answers - outermost rigid shell, 100 km thick, crust and uppermost
mantle
asthenosphere - Answers - soft, weak layer beneath the lithosphere; upper mantle
1960 - Answers - year plate tectonic theory was proposed
continental drift - Answers - theory put out by Alfred Wegener in 1915
fit of the continents - Answers - a piece of evidence for continental drift; opponents
argued that continental margins are sites of constant change and that the fit isn't
perfect
fossil evidence - Answers - mesosaurus (Africa and South America); glossopteris
(Australia, Antarctica, India, Africa, South America); opponents argued land bridges
or rafting
matching rock stratigraphy - Answers - a piece of evidence for continental drift;
similar deposits across continents, like in SE Brazil and SW Africa
matching geologic features - Answers - appalachian mountains and caledonian
mountains
ancient climate evidence - Answers - tropical swamps in Europe and US long time
ago (we know this because there is coal there) and glacial ice deposits in India
glacial striations - Answers - glacier flows seem to point downhill toward oceans
reasons continental drift wasn't accepted - Answers - no plausible mechanism (tides
were proposed - opponents: "force not big enough"); if continents bull-dozed
through, there would be sediments dragged
paleomagnetism: apparent polar wander - Answers - fossil compasses
Curie temperature - Answers - below this temperature, iron-rich materials can "hold"
a magnetization (500-1000)
magnetic declination - Answers - horizontal angle between geographic and magnetic
pole
magnetic inclination - Answers - dip; positive values indicate a downward pointing
field; LOOK UP MORE
