Final Exam Study Material NHM 365 - Full Answer Key Verified

Final Exam Study Material NHM 365 - Full Answer Key Verified leading cause of death in US - answer - heart disease how many deaths does CVD count for annually - answer - 1 in 4 CVD includes - answer - - hypertension - coronary heart disease - atherosclerosis - cerebrovascular accident (stroke) - heart failure - congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease framingham heart study - answer - epidemiological, longitudinal, prospective study set up to identify risk factors for CHD in a large group of participants who had not yet developed overt symptoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack or stroke CVD risk was increased by - answer - - cigarette smoking - elevated cholesterol - obesity - menopause - elevated homocysteine CVD risk was decreased by - answer - - physical activity - elevated HDL ventricles - answer - pump blood out atria - answer - receive blood bad arteries - answer - carry blood away from the heart veins - answer - carry blood to the heart atherosclerosis - answer - progressive narrowing of the arterial tree, can affect any artery in the body, including arteries in the heart, brain, arms, legs, and pelvis plaques (athermos) - answer - build inside coronary arteries, result from endothelial injury from sources such as - cholesterol ( small, dense LDL) - HTN - obesity - cigarette smoking - increase homocysteine - diet high in saturated fat atherosclerosis stages - answer - 1. fatty streak 2. fibrous plaques 3. advanced plaques occlusion LDL- cholesterol and atherosclerosis - answer - 1. LDL particles become oxidized 2. oxidizied LDL accumulates at the endothelium of artery walls causing fatty streaks. macrophages engulf the oxidized LDL and become foam cells 3. smooth muscle cells proliferate, connective tissue forms, and the fatty streaks become intermediate lesions and then fibrous plaques. 4. plaques harden and scar tissue forms 5. turbulent blood flow in that area can cause platelets to rupture and form a clot ischemic stroke - answer - caused by a blood clot occluding an artery that supplies the brain 85% of strokes are this type - answer - ischemic transiet ischemic attack (TIA) - answer - "mini stroke" hemorrhagic stroke - answer - occurs when a blood vessel to the brain ruptures; uncontrolled HTN is a common cause thrombus - answer - blood clot embolism - answer - clot that dislodges and travels to another part of the body ischemia - answer - efficient blood supply angina pectoris - answer - can be a preliminary sign of MI. - caused by reduced blood flow to the heart bradycardia - answer - slow rate, 60 bpm tachycardia - answer - abnormally rapid, 100 bpm atrial fibrillation (Afib) and ventricular fibrillation (Vfib) - answer - rapid, irregular and incomplete contractions of atria or ventricles. - may lead to cardiac arrest myocardial infarction (MI) - answer - "heart attack" due to occlusion of 1 or more coronary arteries. A medical emergency standard fasting lipoprotein profile - answer - - total cholesterol - LDL - HDL -TG lipoprotein particles - answer - - molecules consisting of both lipid and protein portions - the principal way lipids are transported in the blood apolipoproteins - answer - protein portion of lipoprotein particles how are lipoproteins classified - answer - their density chylomicrons - answer - VLDL - answer - LDL - answer - HDL - answer - components of CVD assessment - answer - - total cholesterol from all lipoproteins - factors associated with increased cholesterol total cholesterol from all lipoproteins - answer - - cheap and easy - first measure of risk, and a predictor of CHD potential - 70% of cholesterol is LDL factors associated with increased cholesterol - answer - - age - genetics -SFA diet - anabolic steroids - meds - glucose intolerance - physical inactivity Total cholesterol - answer - desirable cholesterol - answer - 200 borderline high cholesterol - answer - 200-239 hypercholesterolemia - answer - 240 total TG - answ