Exam (elaborations) APEA

APEA Exam 2026/2027 | High-Yield Practice Questions & Verified Answers | Complete Nurse Practitioner Exam Prep | HIV, Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Interpretation, Anemia, Dermatology, Meningitis & Clinical Diagnosis | Comprehensive A+ Study Guide What bacteria is the leading cause of urethritis? - ANSWER neisseria gonorrhea What is the most common cause of hypercortisolism? - ANSWER excessive ACTH production How do we treat developmental hip dysplasia in a child under 6 months? - ANSWER Pavlik harness; if older than 6 months may need surgery It is recommended that all children younger than __________ with sickle cell anemia take daily prophylactic antibiotics. What antibiotic is this? - ANSWER 5 years old; penicillin When can cervical cancer screening stop if no abnormal screening history is present? - ANSWER age 65 When should breast cancer screening begin and end with a biannual mammogram? - ANSWER age 50-74 When should colorectal cancer screening stop? - ANSWER age 85 Who qualifies for a low dose CT scan for lung cancer screening purposes? - ANSWER age 50-80 years anyone who currently smokes or has stopped smoking within the last 5 years What does an ASC-US (atypical squamos cells of undetermined significance) pap smear result necessitate? - ANSWER Do HPV testing with this. If positive, repeat in one year if age 21-24 or send for colposcopy if older than 25. If negative, repeat pap in 3 years. Which pap smear result is considered to be HPV positive? - ANSWER LSIL If a patient has LSIL with a negative HPV test, what would you do? - ANSWER repeat in 1 year If a patient has LSIL with no HPV test or a positive HPV test, what should you do? - ANSWER refer for colposcopy If a patient's pap results show NILM, what should you do? - ANSWER repeat in 3 years If a patient's pap results show ASC-H or HSIL what should you do? - ANSWER refer for colposcopy The valgus stress test assesses what? - ANSWER the medial collateral ligament The varus stress test assesses what? - ANSWER the lateral collateral ligament The Lachman's test assesses what? - ANSWER the ACL The McMurray's test assesses for what? - ANSWER a torn meniscus The anterior drawer test assesses what? - ANSWER the acl The posterior drawer test assesses what? - ANSWER the posterior cruciate ligament (pcl) a normal rise in blood sugar as a person's body prepares to wake up due to a release of cortisol and growth hormone - ANSWER dawn phenomenon How can you tell between the dawn and somogyi effect? - ANSWER If the blood sugar level is low at 2 a.m. to 3 a.m., suspect the Somogyi effect. If the blood sugar level is normal or high at 2 a.m. to 3 a.m., it's likely the dawn phenomenon. Facts about Contact Dermatitis (Eczema) - ANSWER - Papules or Vesicles typically 5mm or less which are red, raised bumps - Skin becomes dry, scaly, and rough leading to formation of crusts or flakes on skin surface - If scratched or irritated, the skin may ooze - Treatment consists of Corticosteroids, Antihistamines, Calcineurin Inhibitors (Tacrolimus) Facts about Acne Vulgaris - ANSWER - Inflammatory skin disorder where androgen-dependent sebaceous glands produce excess sebum. - Usually affects face, anterior & posterior chest, Upper Back, Shoulders, and Arms - Treatment consists of Erythromycin/Benzoyl Peroxide (Benzamycin) - Education r/t Erythromycin/Benzoyl Peroxide includes limit exposure to sunlight and can decrease resistance to erythromycin H Pylori Algorrithm - ANSWER Amoxicillin BID & Clarithromycin BID PPIO BIDx14 days IF PCN Allergies then: Metronidazole & Clarithromycin BID PPIx14 days What GERD symptom is alarming? - ANSWER Odynophagia (Pain with swallowing) Chron's Disease S&S - ANSWER Chronic Bloody Diarrhea Fatigue, Abdomnial Pain Weight Loss/Fever Skip Lesions, Cobblestone appearance Fistulas are common Slow progressive inflammation of small/large intestine Tx is Budesonide 5-aminosalicylates Gastroenteritis Common Pathogens - ANSWER Adults: Norovirus, Enteric Adenovirus, Astrovirus Salmonella - Most Common Foodborne Illness Giardia Lambia - Most Common Parasitic Infants: Norovirus, Enteric Adenovirus, Astrovirus Campylobacter jejuni Epididymitis - ANSWER Testicular pain onset over a few days (gradual) and cremasteric reflex is present. Gonorrhea & Chlamydia treatment - ANSWER Doxycycline 100mg BIDx14 days & Ceftriaxone x1 IM Migraine Treatment - ANSWER Rescue: Triptans Prophylactic: Beta Blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants (Topamax, Propranolol, Inderal) What does myxedema indicate and what is the clinical presentation? - ANSWER Myxedema indicates hypothyroidism. S&S include hypothermia, thickening of the tongue, disorientation, and swelling of the face, hands, feet. Which medication is most commonly associated with hypoglycemia? - ANSWER Sulfonylureas i.e. Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride What do we need to know about ACEs and ARBs? - ANSWER A dry hacking cough is a common side effect of ACEs and will go away within a week after discontinuing. ACEs & ARBs are indicated for patients with DM, CKD, and HTN. Not recommended as 1st line agent with African Americans & can cause angioedema.