ArulmiguMeenakshi Amman College of Engineering
Vadamavandal-604410.
Important questions and answers
23MFP046 - MATERIALS TESTING AND CHARACTERIZATION
TECHNIQUES
Prepared by
V.Umapathy,
Prof. /Mech.
S.No Question Answer
Syllabus
S.No. Description
1 UNIT-I
MICRO AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 9
Principles of Optical Microscopy – Specimen Preparation Techniques – Polishing
and Etching – Polarization Techniques – Quantitative Metallography – Estimation of
grain size – ASTM grain size numbers – Microstructure of Engineering Materials -
Elements of Crystallography – X- ray Diffraction – Bragg’s law – Techniques of X-
ray Crystallography – Debye – Scherer camera – Geiger Diffractometer – analysis of
Diffraction patterns – Inter planer spacing – Identification of Crystal Structure,
Elements of Electron Diffraction.
2 UNIT-II
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 9
Interaction of Electron Beam with Materials – Transmission Electron Microscopy –
Specimen Preparation – Imaging Techniques – BF & DF – SAD – Electron Probe
Microanalysis – Scanning Electron Microscopy – Construction & working of SEM –
various Imaging Techniques – Applications- Atomic Force Microscopy- Construction
& working of AFM -Applications.
3 UNIT-III
CHEMICAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS 9
Basic Principles, Practice and Applications of X-Ray Spectrometry, Wave Dispersive
X- Ray Spectrometry, Auger Spectroscopy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy,
Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR)- Proton Induced X- Ray Emission
Spectroscopy, Differential Thermal Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC) And Thermo Gravitymetric Analysis (TGA).
4 UNIT-IV
MECHANICAL TESTING – STATIC TESTS 9
Hardness – Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell and Micro Hardness Test – Tensile Test –
Stress –
, Strain plot – Proof Stress – Torsion Test - Ductility Measurement – Impact Test –
Charpy & Izod – DWTT - Fracture Toughness Test, Codes and standards for testing
metallic
and composite materials.
5 UNIT-V
MECHANICAL TESTING – DYNAMIC TESTS 9
Fatigue – Low & High Cycle Fatigues – Rotating Beam & Plate Bending HCF tests –
S-N curve – LCF tests – Crack Growth studies – Creep Tests – LM parameters – AE
Tests- modal analysis - Applications of Dynamic Tests.
Unit-I
MICRO AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts in Micro and Crystal Structure Analysis
1. Optical Microscopy: Uses visible light to study the microstructure of materials.
2. Specimen Preparation: Involves polishing and etching to reveal the microstructure.
3. Polarization Techniques: Use polarized light to analyze the optical properties of materials.
4. Quantitative Metallography: Measures the size, shape, and distribution of microstructural
features.
5. Grain Size Estimation: Uses ASTM grain size numbers to quantify the size of grains in a
material.
6. Crystallography: Studies the arrangement of atoms in crystalline materials.
7. X-ray Diffraction: Uses X-rays to determine the crystal structure of materials.
8. Bragg's Law: Relates the wavelength of X-rays to the spacing of crystal planes.
9. Electron Diffraction: Uses electrons to study the crystal structure of materials.
Key Terms
- Lattice: A repeating pattern of atoms in a crystal.
- Unit Cell: The smallest unit of a crystal lattice.
- Crystal Structure: The arrangement of atoms in a crystal.
- Grain: A small crystal in a polycrystalline material.
- Grain Boundary: The interface between two grains.
- Dislocation: A line defect in a crystal lattice.
- Diffraction Pattern: The pattern produced by X-rays or electrons interacting with a crystal.
Techniques
,- X-ray Crystallography: Uses X-rays to determine the crystal structure of materials.
- Debye-Scherrer Camera: A technique for X-ray diffraction analysis.
- Geiger Diffractometer: A technique for X-ray diffraction analysis.
- Electron Diffraction: Uses electrons to study the crystal structure of materials.
Applications
- Materials Science: Understanding the microstructure and crystal structure of materials is crucial
for developing new materials with improved properties.
- Metallurgy: Microstructure and crystal structure analysis are essential for understanding the
properties of metals and alloys.
Two mark Question and Answers
1. 1. What is the purpose of etching in specimen preparation?
Answer: Etching reveals the microstructure of a material by selectively removing
material, creating contrast between different phases or grains.
2. What is the principle of polarized light microscopy?
Answer: Polarized light microscopy uses polarized light to analyze the optical properties
of materials, revealing information about crystal structure and orientation.
3. What is ASTM grain size number?
Answer: ASTM grain size number is a measure of grain size, calculated as N = 2^(n-1),
where n is the number of grains per square inch at 100x magnification.
4. State Bragg's Law.
Answer: Bragg's Law: nλ = 2d sin(θ), where n is an integer, λ is the wavelength, d is the
interplanar spacing, and θ is the diffraction angle.
5. What is the purpose of X-ray diffraction?
Answer: X-ray diffraction determines the crystal structure of materials by analyzing the
diffraction pattern produced by X-rays interacting with the crystal lattice.
6. What is the difference between Debye-Scherrer camera and Geiger Diffractometer?
Answer: Debye-Scherrer camera uses a photographic film to record the diffraction
pattern, while Geiger Diffractometer uses a detector to measure the intensity of diffracted
X-rays.
7. What is interplanar spacing?
Answer: Interplanar spacing (d) is the distance between adjacent crystal planes in a
, lattice.
8. How is crystal structure identified using X-ray diffraction?
Answer: Crystal structure is identified by analyzing the diffraction pattern, which
provides information about the lattice parameters and atomic arrangement.
9. What is the principle of electron diffraction?
Answer: Electron diffraction uses a beam of electrons to produce a diffraction pattern,
providing information about the crystal structure of materials.
10. What is quantitative metallography?
Answer: Quantitative metallography measures the size, shape, and distribution of
microstructural features, providing information about material properties.
13 and 15 Marks QA
2. Describe the principles of optical microscopy and its applications in materials
science.
Vadamavandal-604410.
Important questions and answers
23MFP046 - MATERIALS TESTING AND CHARACTERIZATION
TECHNIQUES
Prepared by
V.Umapathy,
Prof. /Mech.
S.No Question Answer
Syllabus
S.No. Description
1 UNIT-I
MICRO AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 9
Principles of Optical Microscopy – Specimen Preparation Techniques – Polishing
and Etching – Polarization Techniques – Quantitative Metallography – Estimation of
grain size – ASTM grain size numbers – Microstructure of Engineering Materials -
Elements of Crystallography – X- ray Diffraction – Bragg’s law – Techniques of X-
ray Crystallography – Debye – Scherer camera – Geiger Diffractometer – analysis of
Diffraction patterns – Inter planer spacing – Identification of Crystal Structure,
Elements of Electron Diffraction.
2 UNIT-II
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 9
Interaction of Electron Beam with Materials – Transmission Electron Microscopy –
Specimen Preparation – Imaging Techniques – BF & DF – SAD – Electron Probe
Microanalysis – Scanning Electron Microscopy – Construction & working of SEM –
various Imaging Techniques – Applications- Atomic Force Microscopy- Construction
& working of AFM -Applications.
3 UNIT-III
CHEMICAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS 9
Basic Principles, Practice and Applications of X-Ray Spectrometry, Wave Dispersive
X- Ray Spectrometry, Auger Spectroscopy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy,
Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR)- Proton Induced X- Ray Emission
Spectroscopy, Differential Thermal Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC) And Thermo Gravitymetric Analysis (TGA).
4 UNIT-IV
MECHANICAL TESTING – STATIC TESTS 9
Hardness – Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell and Micro Hardness Test – Tensile Test –
Stress –
, Strain plot – Proof Stress – Torsion Test - Ductility Measurement – Impact Test –
Charpy & Izod – DWTT - Fracture Toughness Test, Codes and standards for testing
metallic
and composite materials.
5 UNIT-V
MECHANICAL TESTING – DYNAMIC TESTS 9
Fatigue – Low & High Cycle Fatigues – Rotating Beam & Plate Bending HCF tests –
S-N curve – LCF tests – Crack Growth studies – Creep Tests – LM parameters – AE
Tests- modal analysis - Applications of Dynamic Tests.
Unit-I
MICRO AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts in Micro and Crystal Structure Analysis
1. Optical Microscopy: Uses visible light to study the microstructure of materials.
2. Specimen Preparation: Involves polishing and etching to reveal the microstructure.
3. Polarization Techniques: Use polarized light to analyze the optical properties of materials.
4. Quantitative Metallography: Measures the size, shape, and distribution of microstructural
features.
5. Grain Size Estimation: Uses ASTM grain size numbers to quantify the size of grains in a
material.
6. Crystallography: Studies the arrangement of atoms in crystalline materials.
7. X-ray Diffraction: Uses X-rays to determine the crystal structure of materials.
8. Bragg's Law: Relates the wavelength of X-rays to the spacing of crystal planes.
9. Electron Diffraction: Uses electrons to study the crystal structure of materials.
Key Terms
- Lattice: A repeating pattern of atoms in a crystal.
- Unit Cell: The smallest unit of a crystal lattice.
- Crystal Structure: The arrangement of atoms in a crystal.
- Grain: A small crystal in a polycrystalline material.
- Grain Boundary: The interface between two grains.
- Dislocation: A line defect in a crystal lattice.
- Diffraction Pattern: The pattern produced by X-rays or electrons interacting with a crystal.
Techniques
,- X-ray Crystallography: Uses X-rays to determine the crystal structure of materials.
- Debye-Scherrer Camera: A technique for X-ray diffraction analysis.
- Geiger Diffractometer: A technique for X-ray diffraction analysis.
- Electron Diffraction: Uses electrons to study the crystal structure of materials.
Applications
- Materials Science: Understanding the microstructure and crystal structure of materials is crucial
for developing new materials with improved properties.
- Metallurgy: Microstructure and crystal structure analysis are essential for understanding the
properties of metals and alloys.
Two mark Question and Answers
1. 1. What is the purpose of etching in specimen preparation?
Answer: Etching reveals the microstructure of a material by selectively removing
material, creating contrast between different phases or grains.
2. What is the principle of polarized light microscopy?
Answer: Polarized light microscopy uses polarized light to analyze the optical properties
of materials, revealing information about crystal structure and orientation.
3. What is ASTM grain size number?
Answer: ASTM grain size number is a measure of grain size, calculated as N = 2^(n-1),
where n is the number of grains per square inch at 100x magnification.
4. State Bragg's Law.
Answer: Bragg's Law: nλ = 2d sin(θ), where n is an integer, λ is the wavelength, d is the
interplanar spacing, and θ is the diffraction angle.
5. What is the purpose of X-ray diffraction?
Answer: X-ray diffraction determines the crystal structure of materials by analyzing the
diffraction pattern produced by X-rays interacting with the crystal lattice.
6. What is the difference between Debye-Scherrer camera and Geiger Diffractometer?
Answer: Debye-Scherrer camera uses a photographic film to record the diffraction
pattern, while Geiger Diffractometer uses a detector to measure the intensity of diffracted
X-rays.
7. What is interplanar spacing?
Answer: Interplanar spacing (d) is the distance between adjacent crystal planes in a
, lattice.
8. How is crystal structure identified using X-ray diffraction?
Answer: Crystal structure is identified by analyzing the diffraction pattern, which
provides information about the lattice parameters and atomic arrangement.
9. What is the principle of electron diffraction?
Answer: Electron diffraction uses a beam of electrons to produce a diffraction pattern,
providing information about the crystal structure of materials.
10. What is quantitative metallography?
Answer: Quantitative metallography measures the size, shape, and distribution of
microstructural features, providing information about material properties.
13 and 15 Marks QA
2. Describe the principles of optical microscopy and its applications in materials
science.
