MGMT 363 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE WITH
ANSWERS
◉ What represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort
will result in the successful performance of some task; subjective
probability ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1 (mortal lock)?
Answer: Expectancy (E->P)
◉ What represents the belief that successful performance will
result in some outcome; set of subjective probabilities each
ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1 (mortal lock)?
Answer: Instrumentality (P->O)
◉ What reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated
with performance?
Answer: Valence (V)
◉ What are the 3 components of motivation?
Answer: - Direction of effort (what are you going to do right now?)
- Intensity of effort (how hard are you going to work on it?)
- Persistence of effort (how long are you going to work on it)
,◉ What is a contemporary synonym, more or less, for high levels
of intensity and persistence in work effort?
Answer: Engagement
◉ What type of motivation is controlled by some contingency that
depends on task performance?
Answer: Extrinsic
◉ What type of motivation is felt when task performance serves
as its own reward?
Answer: Intrinsic
◉ What type of motivation outcomes does the following list
show?
- Pay, bonuses, promotions, benefits and perks, spot awards,
praise, job security, free time, lack of disciplinary actions, lack of
demotions, and lack of terminations
Answer: Extrinsic Outcomes
◉ What type of motivation outcomes does the following list
show?
- Enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, knowledge of gain,
skill development, personal expression, lack of boredom, lack of
anxiety, lack of frustration
,Answer: Intrinsic Outcomes
◉ Why is money so important as a motivator?
Answer: - Money can help satisfy existence needs by helping
employees buy good, afford a house, and save for retirement
- Money also conveys a sense of esteem because it signals that
employees are competent and well regarded
◉ What is the degree to which someone views money as having
symbolic, not just economic value?
Answer: Meaning of money
◉ What are the components of the symbolic value of money?
Answer: Achievement, respect, freedom
◉ What describes the cognitive process that employees go
through to make choices among different voluntary responses?
Answer: Expectancy Theory
◉ How can expectancy be influenced by organizations?
Answer: - Boosting self-efficacy
- Past accomplishments
- Vicarious experience
- Verbal persuasion
, - Emotional cues
◉ How can instrumentality be influenced by organizations?
Answer: Organizations often struggle to foster instrumentality in
the best of times, and linking performance to outcomes is even
more difficult during economic challenges
◉ How can valence be influenced by organizations?
Answer: - Positively valenced outcomes (salary increases,
bonuses, and more informal rewards)
- Negatively valenced outcomes (disciplinary actions, demotions,
and terminations)
◉ Expectancy can be shaped by what?
Answer: Supportive leadership, access to resources, self-efficacy
◉ How can you predict performance based on the expectancy
theory?
Answer: The theory suggests that motivational force to
performance an action can be described by the following formula:
Motivational Force = Expectancy x Sum of (Instrumentality x
Valence)
- Equals 0 if any one of the 3 elements is 0
ANSWERS
◉ What represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort
will result in the successful performance of some task; subjective
probability ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1 (mortal lock)?
Answer: Expectancy (E->P)
◉ What represents the belief that successful performance will
result in some outcome; set of subjective probabilities each
ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1 (mortal lock)?
Answer: Instrumentality (P->O)
◉ What reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated
with performance?
Answer: Valence (V)
◉ What are the 3 components of motivation?
Answer: - Direction of effort (what are you going to do right now?)
- Intensity of effort (how hard are you going to work on it?)
- Persistence of effort (how long are you going to work on it)
,◉ What is a contemporary synonym, more or less, for high levels
of intensity and persistence in work effort?
Answer: Engagement
◉ What type of motivation is controlled by some contingency that
depends on task performance?
Answer: Extrinsic
◉ What type of motivation is felt when task performance serves
as its own reward?
Answer: Intrinsic
◉ What type of motivation outcomes does the following list
show?
- Pay, bonuses, promotions, benefits and perks, spot awards,
praise, job security, free time, lack of disciplinary actions, lack of
demotions, and lack of terminations
Answer: Extrinsic Outcomes
◉ What type of motivation outcomes does the following list
show?
- Enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, knowledge of gain,
skill development, personal expression, lack of boredom, lack of
anxiety, lack of frustration
,Answer: Intrinsic Outcomes
◉ Why is money so important as a motivator?
Answer: - Money can help satisfy existence needs by helping
employees buy good, afford a house, and save for retirement
- Money also conveys a sense of esteem because it signals that
employees are competent and well regarded
◉ What is the degree to which someone views money as having
symbolic, not just economic value?
Answer: Meaning of money
◉ What are the components of the symbolic value of money?
Answer: Achievement, respect, freedom
◉ What describes the cognitive process that employees go
through to make choices among different voluntary responses?
Answer: Expectancy Theory
◉ How can expectancy be influenced by organizations?
Answer: - Boosting self-efficacy
- Past accomplishments
- Vicarious experience
- Verbal persuasion
, - Emotional cues
◉ How can instrumentality be influenced by organizations?
Answer: Organizations often struggle to foster instrumentality in
the best of times, and linking performance to outcomes is even
more difficult during economic challenges
◉ How can valence be influenced by organizations?
Answer: - Positively valenced outcomes (salary increases,
bonuses, and more informal rewards)
- Negatively valenced outcomes (disciplinary actions, demotions,
and terminations)
◉ Expectancy can be shaped by what?
Answer: Supportive leadership, access to resources, self-efficacy
◉ How can you predict performance based on the expectancy
theory?
Answer: The theory suggests that motivational force to
performance an action can be described by the following formula:
Motivational Force = Expectancy x Sum of (Instrumentality x
Valence)
- Equals 0 if any one of the 3 elements is 0
