Bios 256 Exam 2
Bios 256 Exam 2
Bios 256 Exam 2
Exam Coverage Area (Mostly Tested Recent Coverage)
1. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Macronutrient Monomers and
Breakdown Products
Carbohydrates → monosaccharides; Proteins → amino acids; Lipids → glycerol
and fatty acids; Nucleic acids → nucleotides 13
2. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Anabolism vs. Catabolism and Specific
Metabolic Pathways
Anabolism (endergonic, builds polymers); Catabolism (exergonic, breaks
polymers); Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis,
Lipogenesis, Lipolysis 1 2
3. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Cellular Respiration Products and ATP
Yield
Glycolysis products (2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP); Aerobic oxidation of glucose
(32 ATP, 6 CO₂, 6 H₂O); Anaerobic fermentation (lactic acid) 1 12
4. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Absorptive vs. Postabsorptive State
Regulation
, Insulin (absorptive); Glucagon (postabsorptive); Glycogenesis vs.
Glycogenolysis; Lipogenesis vs. Lipolysis 2 13
5. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Vitamins: Fat-Soluble vs. Water-Soluble
A, D, E, K (fat-soluble, stored); B and C (water-soluble, excreted by kidneys);
Vitamin K and clotting; Vitamin A and rhodopsin 3 13
6. Urinary System — Kidney Functions and Nitrogenous Wastes
Filtration, blood pressure regulation, erythropoietin secretion, acid-base
balance; Urea, uric acid, creatinine origins 2 3
7. Urinary System — Nephron Anatomy and Filtrate Flow Order
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule) → PCT → nephron loop →
DCT → collecting duct 3 11
8. Urinary System — Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and Its Regulation
Definition (volume filtrate per minute); Regulation by RAAS, neural, and
myogenic mechanisms; Normal ~125 mL/min 3 13
9. Urinary System — Hormonal Regulation: ADH and Aldosterone
ADH (aquaporin insertion, water reabsorption, concentrated urine); Aldosterone
(sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion in DCT/collecting duct) 3 13
10. Urinary System — Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Concepts
Reabsorption returns useful substances to blood; Secretion moves substances
from blood into tubule; Sites of action for ADH and aldosterone 3 13
,Bios 256 Exam 2
250 MCQs with Answers and Rationales
1. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the fundamental
difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions in human metabolism?
A. Anabolic reactions release energy while catabolic reactions consume energy.
B. Anabolic reactions build large molecules from small ones while catabolic
reactions break large molecules into smaller ones.
C. Anabolic reactions occur only in the liver while catabolic reactions occur in all
cells.
D. Anabolic reactions require oxygen while catabolic reactions proceed without
oxygen.
Answer: B
Rationale: Anabolism is defined as an endergonic process that creates bonds
between small molecules to form larger polymers, whereas catabolism is
exergonic and breaks bonds in large molecules to produce smaller ones . 1 12
2. A student is asked to identify the specific monomer products released when
each major macronutrient class is completely broken down during digestion.
Which answer correctly pairs each macronutrient with its monomer?
, A. Carbohydrates → amino acids; Proteins → monosaccharides; Lipids →
nucleotides.
B. Carbohydrates → monosaccharides; Proteins → amino acids; Lipids → glycerol
and fatty acids.
C. Carbohydrates → glycerol; Proteins → nucleotides; Lipids → monosaccharides.
D. Carbohydrates → nucleotides; Proteins → glycerol; Lipids → amino acids.
Answer: B
Rationale: Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides such as glucose,
proteins into amino acids, and lipids into glycerol and fatty acids . 13
3. During a marathon, a runner's muscle cells are working under conditions
where oxygen delivery cannot keep pace with demand. Which metabolic
pathway will produce lactic acid to allow glycolysis to continue?
A. Aerobic respiration in the mitochondrial matrix.
B. Anaerobic fermentation in the cytosol.
C. The Krebs cycle in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D. Gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Answer: B
Rationale: Anaerobic fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces lactic
acid, which is needed to repeat glycolysis when oxygen is unavailable . 1
Bios 256 Exam 2
Bios 256 Exam 2
Exam Coverage Area (Mostly Tested Recent Coverage)
1. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Macronutrient Monomers and
Breakdown Products
Carbohydrates → monosaccharides; Proteins → amino acids; Lipids → glycerol
and fatty acids; Nucleic acids → nucleotides 13
2. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Anabolism vs. Catabolism and Specific
Metabolic Pathways
Anabolism (endergonic, builds polymers); Catabolism (exergonic, breaks
polymers); Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis,
Lipogenesis, Lipolysis 1 2
3. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Cellular Respiration Products and ATP
Yield
Glycolysis products (2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP); Aerobic oxidation of glucose
(32 ATP, 6 CO₂, 6 H₂O); Anaerobic fermentation (lactic acid) 1 12
4. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Absorptive vs. Postabsorptive State
Regulation
, Insulin (absorptive); Glucagon (postabsorptive); Glycogenesis vs.
Glycogenolysis; Lipogenesis vs. Lipolysis 2 13
5. Nutrition and Metabolism (Ch. 26) — Vitamins: Fat-Soluble vs. Water-Soluble
A, D, E, K (fat-soluble, stored); B and C (water-soluble, excreted by kidneys);
Vitamin K and clotting; Vitamin A and rhodopsin 3 13
6. Urinary System — Kidney Functions and Nitrogenous Wastes
Filtration, blood pressure regulation, erythropoietin secretion, acid-base
balance; Urea, uric acid, creatinine origins 2 3
7. Urinary System — Nephron Anatomy and Filtrate Flow Order
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule) → PCT → nephron loop →
DCT → collecting duct 3 11
8. Urinary System — Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and Its Regulation
Definition (volume filtrate per minute); Regulation by RAAS, neural, and
myogenic mechanisms; Normal ~125 mL/min 3 13
9. Urinary System — Hormonal Regulation: ADH and Aldosterone
ADH (aquaporin insertion, water reabsorption, concentrated urine); Aldosterone
(sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion in DCT/collecting duct) 3 13
10. Urinary System — Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Concepts
Reabsorption returns useful substances to blood; Secretion moves substances
from blood into tubule; Sites of action for ADH and aldosterone 3 13
,Bios 256 Exam 2
250 MCQs with Answers and Rationales
1. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the fundamental
difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions in human metabolism?
A. Anabolic reactions release energy while catabolic reactions consume energy.
B. Anabolic reactions build large molecules from small ones while catabolic
reactions break large molecules into smaller ones.
C. Anabolic reactions occur only in the liver while catabolic reactions occur in all
cells.
D. Anabolic reactions require oxygen while catabolic reactions proceed without
oxygen.
Answer: B
Rationale: Anabolism is defined as an endergonic process that creates bonds
between small molecules to form larger polymers, whereas catabolism is
exergonic and breaks bonds in large molecules to produce smaller ones . 1 12
2. A student is asked to identify the specific monomer products released when
each major macronutrient class is completely broken down during digestion.
Which answer correctly pairs each macronutrient with its monomer?
, A. Carbohydrates → amino acids; Proteins → monosaccharides; Lipids →
nucleotides.
B. Carbohydrates → monosaccharides; Proteins → amino acids; Lipids → glycerol
and fatty acids.
C. Carbohydrates → glycerol; Proteins → nucleotides; Lipids → monosaccharides.
D. Carbohydrates → nucleotides; Proteins → glycerol; Lipids → amino acids.
Answer: B
Rationale: Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides such as glucose,
proteins into amino acids, and lipids into glycerol and fatty acids . 13
3. During a marathon, a runner's muscle cells are working under conditions
where oxygen delivery cannot keep pace with demand. Which metabolic
pathway will produce lactic acid to allow glycolysis to continue?
A. Aerobic respiration in the mitochondrial matrix.
B. Anaerobic fermentation in the cytosol.
C. The Krebs cycle in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D. Gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Answer: B
Rationale: Anaerobic fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces lactic
acid, which is needed to repeat glycolysis when oxygen is unavailable . 1
