PATHO 222 Final Exam Study Cards
With Complete Solutions
Ischemia - ANSWER Decreased blood flow to tissues
Causes = hypoxia, thrombosis, atherosclerosis
hypoxia vs hypoxemia - ANSWER Decreased ability to use/obtain O2 in
tissue VS Decreased transfer of O2 from lungs to blood
oxidative stress - ANSWER cellular injury induced by free radicals
How can the body counteract oxidative stress? - ANSWER Producing
antioxidants
What are causes of hypoxemia? - ANSWER Asphyxiation = failure to
receive or use oxygen
Suffocation = airway obstruction that leads to systemic hypoxia
Strangulation = compression or closure of airway
Drowning = no oxygen exchange due to fluid filled lungs
Chemical monoxide = prevent delivery of oxygen to tissue
contusion - ANSWER bruise, injury, crushing injury
laceration - ANSWER jagged wound
fracture - ANSWER broken bone
incised wound - ANSWER longer than it is deep
, stab wound - ANSWER deeper than it is long
puncture wound - ANSWER a deep hole made by a sharp object such as a
nail
What are the outcomes of cellular injury? - ANSWER reversible (recovery),
Cell death (programmed = apoptosis OR necrosis)
Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death
Autophagy - ANSWER consumption of the cell's own contents as a
metabolic process occurring in starvation and certain disease
List the 6 types of necrosis - ANSWER Coagulative = Kidney, heart,
CAUSED by ischemia or infraction (inadequate blood supply OR
obstruction of blood supply)
Liquefactive = BRAIN, tissue turns to liquid
Fatty = Breast, pancreas, abdominal organs, cell death in fat tissue
Gangrenous = limbs, hypoxic injury
- DRY = coagulative necrosis (blood supplied is slowly reduced)
- WET = Liquefactive necrosis (blood supplied is suddenly reduced)
Gas Gangrenous = infection/injured tissue by Clostridium, produces gas
Caseous = Lungs, Caused by TB, dead tissue appears as soft white
cottage cheese looking dead cell mass
innate immunity - ANSWER A form of defence common to all animals that
is active immediately upon exposure to pathogens and that is the same
whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.
STAGES of Innate immunity - ANSWER First line = physical barriers
Second Line = inflammation, fever, phagocytes, complement system,
clotting system
Third Line = adaptive (memory) immunity = T and B cells
what are the components of inflammation? - ANSWER MAST cells,
Leukocytes=WBC's (neturophils, Eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages),
histamine which changes blood vessels (increases arterial, decreases
venous blood flow), chemokines which signal leukocytes
With Complete Solutions
Ischemia - ANSWER Decreased blood flow to tissues
Causes = hypoxia, thrombosis, atherosclerosis
hypoxia vs hypoxemia - ANSWER Decreased ability to use/obtain O2 in
tissue VS Decreased transfer of O2 from lungs to blood
oxidative stress - ANSWER cellular injury induced by free radicals
How can the body counteract oxidative stress? - ANSWER Producing
antioxidants
What are causes of hypoxemia? - ANSWER Asphyxiation = failure to
receive or use oxygen
Suffocation = airway obstruction that leads to systemic hypoxia
Strangulation = compression or closure of airway
Drowning = no oxygen exchange due to fluid filled lungs
Chemical monoxide = prevent delivery of oxygen to tissue
contusion - ANSWER bruise, injury, crushing injury
laceration - ANSWER jagged wound
fracture - ANSWER broken bone
incised wound - ANSWER longer than it is deep
, stab wound - ANSWER deeper than it is long
puncture wound - ANSWER a deep hole made by a sharp object such as a
nail
What are the outcomes of cellular injury? - ANSWER reversible (recovery),
Cell death (programmed = apoptosis OR necrosis)
Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death
Autophagy - ANSWER consumption of the cell's own contents as a
metabolic process occurring in starvation and certain disease
List the 6 types of necrosis - ANSWER Coagulative = Kidney, heart,
CAUSED by ischemia or infraction (inadequate blood supply OR
obstruction of blood supply)
Liquefactive = BRAIN, tissue turns to liquid
Fatty = Breast, pancreas, abdominal organs, cell death in fat tissue
Gangrenous = limbs, hypoxic injury
- DRY = coagulative necrosis (blood supplied is slowly reduced)
- WET = Liquefactive necrosis (blood supplied is suddenly reduced)
Gas Gangrenous = infection/injured tissue by Clostridium, produces gas
Caseous = Lungs, Caused by TB, dead tissue appears as soft white
cottage cheese looking dead cell mass
innate immunity - ANSWER A form of defence common to all animals that
is active immediately upon exposure to pathogens and that is the same
whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.
STAGES of Innate immunity - ANSWER First line = physical barriers
Second Line = inflammation, fever, phagocytes, complement system,
clotting system
Third Line = adaptive (memory) immunity = T and B cells
what are the components of inflammation? - ANSWER MAST cells,
Leukocytes=WBC's (neturophils, Eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages),
histamine which changes blood vessels (increases arterial, decreases
venous blood flow), chemokines which signal leukocytes
