BIO/BIOL 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 1Ch 1- Process of Science
● Distinguish between science and unjustified claims.
● Explain how science is iterative.
● Describe the elements of research design, and explain how they impact scientific
findings/conclusions (e.g. identify strengths and weaknesses in research related to bias,
sample size, randomization and experimental control).
● Formulate a testable hypothesis and design a controlled experiment.
Ch 2.6-2.8 and Ch 3- Macromolecules
● Classify polysaccharides based on their structure/function in plants and animals.
- Starch: storage polysaccharide in plants, stores glucose
- Glycogen: storage polysaccharide in humans, stored in liver and muscle cells, broken down
when alpha cells stimulate glucagon
- Chitin: structural component of exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans
- Cellulose: structural component in plants, ex. fiber, cannot be broken down by human
digestive system (though some organisms do have enzymes that lets them digest them)
● Describe how monomers join to form polysaccharides.
-Dehydration reactions are those that link monomers together to form polymers
● during this reaction a water molecule is released
-Hydrolysis breaks polymers apart into monomers
● adds a water molecule
● Define lipids and explain their functions and properties in polar or non-polar solvents.
-Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that don’t mix well with water. There are 4 important
types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroids. Phospholipids have
hydrophobic (water fearing), or nonpolar, tails and hydrophilic heads that face water (water-
loving), a polar solvent.
● Draw protein structure and depict the consequence of mutations on normal structure and
function.
○ Primary: amino acids bonded by covalent bonds join to form peptide bonds
○ Secondary: shape of chain of amino acids (alpha helices or beta sheets); hydrogen
bonds between R groups make the helices/sheets retain their shapes and prevent
them from falling apart; they fold into functional shape; globular & fibrous
○ Tertiary: 3D shape of protein (R groups)
○ Quaternary: one or more polypeptide chains
○ A mutation in the sequence of the polypeptide chain will change the secondary and
tertiary structures, therefore destroying the structure and function of the protein.
Proteins depend on their structure to accomplish their function.
, ● Explain the molecular forces that hold protein structure together and that can be disrupted.
○ Covalent bonds hold the primary structure of proteins together, also called peptide
bonds.
○ Hydrogen bonds hold the secondary structure together, between the amino end of
one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next.
○ Tertiary structure is held together by different interactions of R groups; this includes
hydrogen and covalent bonding.
○ Not all proteins have quaternary structure, but it is also held together by R group
interactions.
● Identify how the human body uses macromolecules from food.
○ Macromolecules give us energy from the food that we eat. The material we need to
make our own macromolecules also comes from the food we ingest and is suitable for
functions of the human body. One of the four types of lipids, cholesterol, is used in
cell membranes.
● Identify macromolecules in food labels and make calculations about these macromolecules
relative to the label.
○ Possible Test Question: A snack bar contained 22 g of total carbohydrates with 10 g
of sugar. What else do we know? The bar has 12 g of polysaccharides.
● Explain the effects of varying the amounts of the different macromolecules in your diet (such
as saturated fats, proteins, simple/complex carbohydrates).
Ch 4-4.22-Tour of the cell
● Predict structure of the prokaryotic cell that would be antibiotics targets.
○ Ribosomes would be targeted because they are smaller and differ in molecular
structure in prokaryotes. Therefore, antibiotics can target them without destroying
the host organism’s other ribosomes.
○ Cell Wall
○ Other antibiotics work to destroy information pathways
■ Block DNA replication: so cells can’t reproduce
, ■ Block protein production by targeting prokaryotic ribosomes
● Describe how a protein is synthesized and exported from a cell and how disease can be
caused when this process goes awry.
● Explain how insulin-producing cells are like dysfunctional factories when a person is
diabetic.
○ Diabetics are constantly having to monitor their own blood sugar to know if their
insulin levels are too high or too low because their bodies are incapable of
completing that function for them.
Ch 5-5.9- Membranes
● Interpret experiments about protein production and make conclusions about why protein
production is impaired in cystic fibrosis.
○ Protein misfolding from a nucleotide deletion doesn’t allow ions to be properly
expelled from the cytoplasm through protein channels, so an unwanted electric
potential attracts cations that make up the salt responsible for the saltiness and
mucus in the condition.
○ Basically there is too much mucus present for the proteins to be produced properly.
● Categorize molecules that cross membranes freely and those that do not.
○ The membrane is made up of the phospholipid bilayer. The hydrophilic (water-loving),
polar heads face outward and the hydrophobic (water-fearing), non-polar fatty acid
tails face inward. Small nonpolar molecules such as O2 and CO2 may cross easily.
Large polar molecules or ions need assistance crossing the membrane, which calls
for the use of facilitated diffusion. Although water molecules are polar, they are so
small they can diffuse through the membrane at a slow rate through the process of
osmosis. Protein structures known as aquaporins help with facilitated diffusion of
water across the membrane for cells requiring a more rapid intake of H2O.
● Discriminate between passive transport, active transport and bulk transport of molecules
across a membrane.
○ 1. Passive transport - diffusion across a membrane without ATP (include facilitated
diffusion and simple diffusion of nonpolar molecules down the concentration gradient)
○ 2. Active Transport - uses ATP (cellular energy) to move solutes AGAINST the
concentration gradient; requires protein channels
○ 3. Bulk Transport - is used to move larger materials like proteins and polysaccharides
(through endocytosis-out- and exocytosis-in-)
Ch 26.1-26.3,26.7-26.9- Hormones
● Predict how water will move via osmosis and explain why this is critical to your cells.
○ Allows cells to obtain water faster in cases of dehydration
● Describe how the two types of chemical signaling mechanisms affecting target cells
differently.
○ 1. Lipid soluble hormone receptors are located inside of the cell because lipids can
easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer. Once the hormone binds to the receptor
it goes on to make proteins through transcription (nucleus) and translation (cytosol).
UNIT 1Ch 1- Process of Science
● Distinguish between science and unjustified claims.
● Explain how science is iterative.
● Describe the elements of research design, and explain how they impact scientific
findings/conclusions (e.g. identify strengths and weaknesses in research related to bias,
sample size, randomization and experimental control).
● Formulate a testable hypothesis and design a controlled experiment.
Ch 2.6-2.8 and Ch 3- Macromolecules
● Classify polysaccharides based on their structure/function in plants and animals.
- Starch: storage polysaccharide in plants, stores glucose
- Glycogen: storage polysaccharide in humans, stored in liver and muscle cells, broken down
when alpha cells stimulate glucagon
- Chitin: structural component of exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans
- Cellulose: structural component in plants, ex. fiber, cannot be broken down by human
digestive system (though some organisms do have enzymes that lets them digest them)
● Describe how monomers join to form polysaccharides.
-Dehydration reactions are those that link monomers together to form polymers
● during this reaction a water molecule is released
-Hydrolysis breaks polymers apart into monomers
● adds a water molecule
● Define lipids and explain their functions and properties in polar or non-polar solvents.
-Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that don’t mix well with water. There are 4 important
types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroids. Phospholipids have
hydrophobic (water fearing), or nonpolar, tails and hydrophilic heads that face water (water-
loving), a polar solvent.
● Draw protein structure and depict the consequence of mutations on normal structure and
function.
○ Primary: amino acids bonded by covalent bonds join to form peptide bonds
○ Secondary: shape of chain of amino acids (alpha helices or beta sheets); hydrogen
bonds between R groups make the helices/sheets retain their shapes and prevent
them from falling apart; they fold into functional shape; globular & fibrous
○ Tertiary: 3D shape of protein (R groups)
○ Quaternary: one or more polypeptide chains
○ A mutation in the sequence of the polypeptide chain will change the secondary and
tertiary structures, therefore destroying the structure and function of the protein.
Proteins depend on their structure to accomplish their function.
, ● Explain the molecular forces that hold protein structure together and that can be disrupted.
○ Covalent bonds hold the primary structure of proteins together, also called peptide
bonds.
○ Hydrogen bonds hold the secondary structure together, between the amino end of
one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next.
○ Tertiary structure is held together by different interactions of R groups; this includes
hydrogen and covalent bonding.
○ Not all proteins have quaternary structure, but it is also held together by R group
interactions.
● Identify how the human body uses macromolecules from food.
○ Macromolecules give us energy from the food that we eat. The material we need to
make our own macromolecules also comes from the food we ingest and is suitable for
functions of the human body. One of the four types of lipids, cholesterol, is used in
cell membranes.
● Identify macromolecules in food labels and make calculations about these macromolecules
relative to the label.
○ Possible Test Question: A snack bar contained 22 g of total carbohydrates with 10 g
of sugar. What else do we know? The bar has 12 g of polysaccharides.
● Explain the effects of varying the amounts of the different macromolecules in your diet (such
as saturated fats, proteins, simple/complex carbohydrates).
Ch 4-4.22-Tour of the cell
● Predict structure of the prokaryotic cell that would be antibiotics targets.
○ Ribosomes would be targeted because they are smaller and differ in molecular
structure in prokaryotes. Therefore, antibiotics can target them without destroying
the host organism’s other ribosomes.
○ Cell Wall
○ Other antibiotics work to destroy information pathways
■ Block DNA replication: so cells can’t reproduce
, ■ Block protein production by targeting prokaryotic ribosomes
● Describe how a protein is synthesized and exported from a cell and how disease can be
caused when this process goes awry.
● Explain how insulin-producing cells are like dysfunctional factories when a person is
diabetic.
○ Diabetics are constantly having to monitor their own blood sugar to know if their
insulin levels are too high or too low because their bodies are incapable of
completing that function for them.
Ch 5-5.9- Membranes
● Interpret experiments about protein production and make conclusions about why protein
production is impaired in cystic fibrosis.
○ Protein misfolding from a nucleotide deletion doesn’t allow ions to be properly
expelled from the cytoplasm through protein channels, so an unwanted electric
potential attracts cations that make up the salt responsible for the saltiness and
mucus in the condition.
○ Basically there is too much mucus present for the proteins to be produced properly.
● Categorize molecules that cross membranes freely and those that do not.
○ The membrane is made up of the phospholipid bilayer. The hydrophilic (water-loving),
polar heads face outward and the hydrophobic (water-fearing), non-polar fatty acid
tails face inward. Small nonpolar molecules such as O2 and CO2 may cross easily.
Large polar molecules or ions need assistance crossing the membrane, which calls
for the use of facilitated diffusion. Although water molecules are polar, they are so
small they can diffuse through the membrane at a slow rate through the process of
osmosis. Protein structures known as aquaporins help with facilitated diffusion of
water across the membrane for cells requiring a more rapid intake of H2O.
● Discriminate between passive transport, active transport and bulk transport of molecules
across a membrane.
○ 1. Passive transport - diffusion across a membrane without ATP (include facilitated
diffusion and simple diffusion of nonpolar molecules down the concentration gradient)
○ 2. Active Transport - uses ATP (cellular energy) to move solutes AGAINST the
concentration gradient; requires protein channels
○ 3. Bulk Transport - is used to move larger materials like proteins and polysaccharides
(through endocytosis-out- and exocytosis-in-)
Ch 26.1-26.3,26.7-26.9- Hormones
● Predict how water will move via osmosis and explain why this is critical to your cells.
○ Allows cells to obtain water faster in cases of dehydration
● Describe how the two types of chemical signaling mechanisms affecting target cells
differently.
○ 1. Lipid soluble hormone receptors are located inside of the cell because lipids can
easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer. Once the hormone binds to the receptor
it goes on to make proteins through transcription (nucleus) and translation (cytosol).
