What wouldDNA
wo circular be the genotype(s)
molecules of F2 offspring
are topoisomers that carry
of each other;recombinant
they containchromosomes?
the same amount
multiply
(Reminder:
of DNA. Let's the two
recombinant
call them values together:108
chromosomes
DNA-1 and DNA-2. (0.34
areUnder 10-9)
the product
the electron= 0.34
of crossing 10-1 over).or
microscope,m, 0.034
What
DNA-1 m, or
percentage
appears
Correct Answer: all would be normal
Question
3.4
of
moreF2cm.offspring
compact 105.
1 pointThe would
compared answer
be Aabb? is 3.4The
to DNA-2. cm,levelwhich equals
of gene 1.3 inches!
transcription That lower
is much is for
enormously
DNA-2.
At the E.Which long
coli origin considering
of theoffollowing
replication,threethat a typical
thepossibilities
function of would human
the DnaA cell
bestproteinis only 10 to 100
explainisthese observations?A. μm in
Question
Correct Answer:
diameter. 46.
As gcd
described 3022
The recombinant
in exam
Chapter 210,
F2 Questions
offspring
the DNA have
has and to Answers
allelic
be combinations
greatly compacted thatto are
DNA-1 has 4 positive supercoils and DNA-2 has 2 negative supercoils.B. DNA-1 has 2
the
Correct
Which result
ofa offollowing
Answer:
the a crossover.
to bind toThey
DnaA differ
boxes compared
and imprinting
separateto theof parental
the AT-rich generation.
region In
fit into
positive living
supercoils andstatements
cell. DNA-2 has 4 regarding
negativethe supercoils.C. DNA-1 genes has(such as Igf2, PWS
4 negative
this case,
gene, or ASand the
gene) recombinant
is false? F2 offspring are Aa Bb and aa bb. Draw out the
supercoils DNA-2 has 2 positive supercoils.
Question
chromosomes,
Question 1.
106. starting
91. Imprinting involves with the parental generation if you don't get this. An Aa
Correct
bb Answer:
offspring
Correct Answer: is nonrecombinant,
The correct answer as isisDNA
anC. aa methylation
DNA-1Bb offspring.
is more that first occurs
Because
compact the two
because during genes
it has
Explain
In order the
to concept
replicate
Which of the following
embryogenesis. (itof
the linkage
entire and
circular
could be occurs
actually how
the components it
in is affected
chromosome by
of crossing
E. coli,
of a single nucleotide
spermatogenesis how
or over
many(see Figure
replication
found within
oopgenesis but 6.2).
forks
an
not RNA
are
more 10map
supercoils. units apart,
However, thisnegative
means 10% are recombinant
supercoiling promotes and 90% are
strand separation
are used?
strand?it does involve methylation and can be altered from one generation to the
both,
Correct Answer:
nonrecombinant.
whereas positivelinkage: Becauseathere
supercoiling single arechromosome,
inhibits two it.types
Therefore,ofornon allgenes
of theingenes
recombinant DNA-1 found
offspring
would onbe athat
next)
singleeasily
Correct
occur
more chromosome,
in Answer:
equal two which
amounts
transcribed (Aa are
bb linked
compared andto together;
aaDNA-2. also called a
Bb), the percentage ofsynteny
Aa bb would group. be
Correct Answer: ribose, uracil, and phosphate
humans have 22 autosomal linkage groups, and an X chromosome linkage
45%
Question
Question
group, with2. 47.males also having a Y chromosome linkage group. In addition, the
107.
87.
Question 92.
Question
human
Question
In humans, 89.
mitochondrial
12.
the initial genome is another
X chromosome inactivation linkage
(the group. crossing
spreading over allows for
Primase
What areisthe
pyrimidines needed
four during
criteria DNA the
that replication
genetic because
material DNA
must fulfill to phase)
polymerase is not
function occurs
able
as theduring
togenetic
recombination:
In the weexperiment theAvery,
combination of alleles that is notwaspresent inwhen
original linkage
When
material?
Correct say that of
Answer: two McLeod,
different
embryonic genes
development
andareMcCarty,
linked,in
what
this
females means the effect RNase or
Correct
groups
Correct
protease
Question Answer:
Answer:
was added
102. begin
Cytosine synthesis
to the DNA and on a bare
Thymine and uracil
extract? template strand.
Correct Answer: two Store orinformation,
more genes transmission,are on the same chromosome.
replication, and variation
In the drawing
Correct
Question Answer:
48. shown below, the
It allowed the top strand (purple)
conversion of type is the R template
bacteria DNA, into type and the S bottom
Question 108. 2.
93.
shows the synthesis of the lagging strand (DNA in blue and RNA primers in red).
bacteria.
Question
As observedshows
Figure 3.
13.
88.
in fourthe o'clocks, for a of genethe that is boxes
inherited inare
a maternal inheritance pattern,
Purine 11.5
Describe how linkage affectssequencesthe outcome DnaA
of two-factor thatand found in the
three-factor origin of
crosses (see
Correct
which of Answer:
the following Ligase is needed
statements ishas only at the right arrow 3'. At the left 5' arrow,
true?
replication
If
An two
shown
Figures genes in
6.1below, E. coli.
are
6.3, linked,
an RNA
6.4, Actually,
6.5). they these
do
molecule not five
obey sequences
the followingare similar to
sequence: each other
Region 1 Region if you flip
2 Region
Question
DNA polymerase
Correct 90.
Answer: is addingand
Adenine nucleotides
Guanine to the DNA strand of the adjacent
some
Correct of them
Answer: in the
35'-CAUCCAUCCAUUCCCCAUCCGAUAAG- The opposite
offspringorientation.
only If you the
inherit don'tgene flip the
GGGAAUGGAUCCGAAUGGAUAACThree from firsttheir
one, mother.
which one(s) would
regions,
Correct
Okazaki
In humans, Answer:
fragment.
an Mendel's
The four classes
average-sized law of
chromosome independent
of offspring
contains assortment
are
about not 100produced
million bp inofequal
DNA. If the
you have
called to flip
region 1, 2,so and
that3all five
are of them have
underlined. Partsa of similar
region sequence
1 can form running in the same
a stem-loop with region
numbers,
DNA
Questionin such which
a
94. tells us that
chromosome were the purpleout
stretched and in vestigial
a linear genes how
manner, are long
linked. wouldAs it we be?
direction?
2 and withWhat region is 3.
the consensus
Can region 1 sequence
form a stem-loop for the DnaA box? 2 and region 3 at the
with region same
Question
expect for 4. 49.
linked genes, the parental chromosome configurations are
Question
time? Why
Positive 103.
or why not?
supercoiling can Which stem-loop wouldinyou predict to be moreInstable: a region
Correct
Correct Answer: here are 108 base pairs this chromosome. a double helix, a
cross isAnswer:
over-represented
A made between You need
in the to flip
offspring,
a green the third
while
four-o'clock the
andand fifth
recombinant
a white one sochromosome
four o'clock.that Green
all five would
chlorophyll
1/region
What isbase
single 2 interaction
a meant pairby or a region
the term processive
traverses about 1/region 3
enzyme?interaction?
Explain Explain your choice.
why this is an important
have
Correct
synthesis theAnswer:
configurations same
is inheritedorientation.
aremake Using0.34
under-represented
a segment
via the chloroplasts, theDNA
of
nm, which
orientation
which more
equals
of the 0.3410-9
compact.
are maternally first DnaAmeters.
inherited inbox, the If we
this species. If
characteristic
multiply the of
two DNA polymerase.
values together:108 (0.34 10-9) = 0.34 10-1 m, or 0.034 m, or
consensus
Correct Answer:of the top
egion strand
1 cannot is5'-TGTGGATAA-3'
form a stem-loop
the white plant provides the pollen, the expected outcome of the offspring would be with region 2 and region 3 at
3.4
the cm.
same 1 pointThe
time. answer is 3.4regions cm, which equals 1.3 inches! That isbase
Correct
Question 3. Complementary
Answer:
95. processive enzyme is one of RNA
that formremains base pairs,
clamped not
to one of its
Correct Answer:
enormously long all plants with
considering green leaves
triplets. TheIn
substrates. region
the case 1/region
of DNA 2that a typical
interaction
polymerase,
human
would becell
it remains
is only
slightly
clamped more10 to
tostable
100 μm than
the template
inthe
Apply
In
diameter. a chi
eukaryotes, squarea site
As described test to
within evaluate
the cell
in Chapter if two
nucleus genes
10, it that
the are
is linked.
occupied by a single chromosome istoa
region 1/region
strand as it makes 3 interaction
a new daughter because strand. is DNA
one has to be greatly
Thisnucleotide
is important longer, compacted
to ensureand itahas fasta
fit into amount
Question
higher a living
50. cell.
No GCseparate
ofchromosome
base pairs. answer Rememberwas provided that GCinbase the source
pairs form PDF.three
rate
Correct of DNA
Answer: synthesis territory.
hydrogen
In bonds compared
frogs, a true-breeding female towithAU green
base pairs, which form
skin is crossed two hydrogen
to a true-breeding malebonds.with
Question
Therefore,
yellow skin. 5. 91.
helices with a higher GC content are more stable.
Question 4.
All of the F1 offspring have green skin. The F1 female offspring are then
104.
96.
crossedofto
Which true-breeding
the followingof males
could withcomponents
be the yellow skin. of
Allaofsingle
the F2 offspring found
nucleotide have green
withinaskin.
an RNA
Describe
What
When are the
the concept
comparingexpected a genetic
results
the genome map,
fora the
of and be able
Meselson
simple and to
eukaryote, useexperiment
Stahl
such testcross
as a yeast,data a to
after
to 5make
generations
complex
These are observations are consistent with
strand?
linkage
(i.e, mapsuch
5 rounds
eukaryote, (see Figures
of DNA
as 6.7, 6.8,
a replication
plant, why in 6.9).
is the plant
the presence of light
genome nitrogen)?
so much Note: during generation
larger?
zero, the Answer:
Correct DNA is allribose,
heavy,
both and
maternal subsequent
uracil, effect
and generations
and
phosphateinheritance only make light DNA.
Correct Answer: The No separate
plant genomeanswer haswas provided
more genesin and themore
source PDF.
repetitive DNA.
Correct Answer: 1/16 half-heavy, 15/16 light
Question
Question 6. 51.
97.
92.
5.
Explain how chromosomes
The nucleotides
pyrimidines
Question are stained
within a single and are
DNA strand characterized with
attached to respect
each other to
viathe location of
Also be able105.
to predict the outcome of a cross if you already know the map distance
the centromeres, size, and banding patterns (see Figure 8.1).
between
At
Correct two origin
the E. Answer:
coli genes.aofcovalent
replication,
Cytosine bond
and the function
between
Thymine ofathe
and DnaA protein
5' phosphate
uracil is 3' OH group.
and
Correct Answer: centromere is never actually at the center, each chromosome
Correct Answer: to Nobind
separate
to DnaAanswer
boxeswas provided
and separate in the
the AT-rich
source region
PDF.
has a long 93.
Question (q) and a short ened (p). bonding pattenrs: giasmed, bonding
98.
numbers increase as move away from the centeromere. binding regions to the
What features
Purine
Question 6. of DNA structure enable it to be replicated?
106.
dye may be more compatct. useful for distinugushin chromosomes, structureal
Explain
In order how
changes
Correct to andlinkage
replicate
Answer: andkey
the
Two crossing
entire
relationship
Adenine over underlie
circular
features
between
and are
Guanine related
chromosome
species. toof
this each other.
E. coli,
property. how many
First, replication
DNA is a forks
are used?
double-stranded molecule. Each strand can serve as a template to make a new
Correct Answer: Linkage has both a physical meaning and a meaning that
Question
strand,
Correct to7.
thereby
52.
94.
pertainsAnswer:
producing another double-stranded molecule. Second,
inheritance.
two Two or more different genes may be linked to each
base-pairing in DNA must obey the AT/GC rule. Therefore, when DNA strands act
other because
metacentric
Positive theycan
chromosome
supercoiling are found on the same chromosome. This is a physical
as templates to make new strands, the new strands are always complementary
meaning for
Question 107. linkage. When two or more different genes are close together on
Correct Answer: strands.
to the template make a segment of DNA
In this way, DNAmore compact.
replication produces two
the same chromosome, the alleles of those genes tend to be transmitted as a
Primase is needed during
double-stranded DNA replication
molecules that have because
the same DNA polymerase
base sequence is not ableoriginal
as the to
double-stranded
Question molecule. This allows DNA to store information from cell to cell
95. begin
14.
Correct Answer: synthesis on a bare template strand.
and from generation to generation.
,Question 41.
In snails, coiling is controlled by a maternal effect gene in which D (right) is dominant to d
Question
(left) A female 8.
14.that coils to the right has offspring that all coil to the left. What are the
Let's suppose
genotypes thatmother
of the two genes are linked
of these offspring on the
and same chromosome.
the maternal On one homolog,
grandmother, B is
respectively?
linked to c, and on the other homolog, b is linked to C. To transmit a recombinant
Correct Answer: dd,Dd
chromosome to an offspring, when and where does a crossover have to occur to alter the
Correct Answer: all would be normal
pattern of linkage so that an offspring could inherit a chromosome that carries B and C, or
Question
one that carries 39.
42. b and c?
Question
Red-green
A maternalcolor 46. blindness
27.
effect pattern of in inheritance
humans is inherited as an X-linked
can be explained by recessive trait. Usually,
Correct Answer: rossing over occurs during meiosis in the region between the
heterozygous
Which
dosage females are
ofcompensation
the following not colorblind.
statements regarding However, a doctorof
the imprinting identified
genes (suchan unusual
as Igf2,case
PWSin
two genes.
Correct Answer: nurse cells that provide the oocytes with gene products
which or
gene, a heterozygous
AS gene) is false? female was colorblind in her right eye but had normal color vision in
Correct Answer: Mechanism in which X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene
her left eye. If you assume that this phenotype was not due to a new mutation, explain
Question
Correct Answer:
expression
how this might 9.between
15.
43. Imprinting
males and
have occurred.
involves
females. DNAlevelmethylation
of expression that first
equal occurs
evenduring
though
embryogenesis.
dosage is different (it actually occurs in spermatogenesis or oopgenesis but not
With regard to a linked genes
maternal alonggene,
effect the same chromosome,
a mother is dd and her which of theoocyte
haploid following
(d) is
Correct
both, Answer:
it does involveIn this female, asand
methylation a matter
can beofaltered chance, XCI one
from occurred in the to
generation right
the
statements
fertilized by isa false?
sperm carrying the D allele. Which gene products would be found in this
eye
next) to always,
Question 28. or nearly always, inactivate the X chromosome carrying the
fertilized oocyte?
normal
Correct allele.
Answer: In Crossing
the left eye, overthe chromosome
is needed to produce carrying the color blindness
nonrecombinant allele
offspring.
genomic printing
was
Correctinactivated
Question 47. some
Answer: only dor most
gene of the time.
products
Correct Answer:
Question 16.initial alleles are imprinted (chemically marked) so that one pair
In humans, the X chromosome inactivation (the spreading phase) occurs during
Question
member is 10.
activated,
40.
44. regardless of its make-up trianlge is silent, circle is
Morgan observed a higher number of recombinant offspring involving eye color and wing
Correct Answer:
expressed imprinted embryonic
hapensdevelopment in females
prior to fertilization
In petunias,
length
Which (401
of the+ some318)strains
following compared haveto
statements flower
body petals
color and
regarding that have
eye
epigenetics a paler
color is(17 color
+
false? 12).compared to other
These results
strains.
occurredA because
true-breeding pale plant was pollinated by a true-breeding normal plant. All of
Correct
Question Answer:
48.hadMaternal
29. effect is a type of epigenetic inheritance.
the F1offspring pale petals. The F1 offspring were then pollinated by true-breeding
Correct Answer: the genes affecting eye color and wing length are farther apart
normal
As
AS plants.
observed
and PWS in All
four ofo'clocks,
the F2 offspring
for a gene hadthat
pale is petals.
inherited Explain this pattern
in a maternal of inheritance.
inheritance pattern,
on the X chromosome
Question compared to the genes affecting body color and eye color.
which of the45. following statements is true?
Correct Answer: if This is an example
deletion pf chromofismaternal
inheritaed inheritance.
from mom:The AS,offspring
from dad: PWS
The Igf2 gene that is inherited from the mother is silenced due to imprinting. A mutation,
inherit
Correct
AS: does
Question this
Answer:
not trait
17.
71. crryfrom
The theAS
offspring
active plant
gene donating
only inherit
UBE3A the
PWS:the eggs.
gene not
does from their
carry mother.
active gene SNRPN
which we will call Igf2—, is a loss-of-function mutation. If an Igf2 Igf2— mother is crossed
Two
When
to angenes
making
Igf2 areafather,
Igf2 22 mapwhat
karyotype, unitsis apart
which ofonthe
thefollowing
the predicted same
outcome?chromosome.
features is not A true-breeding
commonly used GGhh
to
Question 11.
41.
49.
30.
individual is crossed
characterize eukaryotic to achromosomes?
true-breeding ggHH individual. The F1 offspring are mated to
gghh
In
A snails,
crossindividuals.
methylation iscoiling isIfcontrolled
made between this testcross by aproduces
a green maternal1000
four-o'clock effect
andoffspring,
gene
a whitein which
howo'clock.
four many
D (right)
ofGreen
them
is dominant
would you
chlorophyllto d
Correct Answer: locations of transposably elements
(left)
expect A to
synthesis female
is that coils
beinherited
ggHh? viato thethe right has offspring
chloroplasts, which are that all coil to inherited
maternally the left. What are
in this the
species. If
Correct Answer: methyl groups attatch to cytosine base ICR- control region
genotypes
the white plant of the mother the
provides of these
pollen,offspring and the
the expected maternal
outcome of grandmother,
the offspring wouldrespectively?
be
Correct
methylation
Question Answer:
72. usually 390causes inhibition of transcription demthylation occurs in
Correct Answer:
gamate formation dd,Dd
all plants with green leaves
Let's suppose that two homologous chromosomes pair up but they are misaligned,
Question
perhaps because 18. the chromosome contains multiple transposable elements of the same
Question
A researcher
type. 12.
42.
50.
31.
If a crossoverconducted occurs, crosses
what between
will be the two different strains of Drosophila. When
result?
true-breeding
A
In maternal
extranuclear effect
fliespattern
frogs, a true-breeding with singed
inheritance of inheritance
female bristles (s)
with green can
and benormal
skin explained wings
is crossed by
to(L) were crossed male
a true-breeding to with
Correct Answer: One chromosome will carry a deletion and the other will carry a
true-breeding
yellow skin. Allflies of the with
F1normal
offspring bristles
have (S) andskin.
green vestigial
The F1 wings
female(l), all F1 offspring
offspring had
are then
duplication.
Correct Answer: inheritance nurse cells that provide
of traits the oocytes
determined with gene
by factors products
outside of nucleus
normal wings
crossed and normalmales
to true-breeding bristles. The
with F1 offspring
yellow skin. Allwere of thecrossed to flieshave
F2 offspring withgreen
singed skin.
bristlesare
These and vestigial wings.
observations Which F2 offspring
are consistent with is/are recombinant?
Question 13.
43.
73.
97.
32.
Correct Answer: both Singed bristles/vestigial
maternal effect andwings and normal bristles/normal
inheritance
Withnucleotides
Which
The regard
maternal of theto a within
maternal
following
inheritance does effect
alter
a single gene,
thestrand
DNA a mother
total amount is of
ddgenetic
are attached andtoher haploid
other oocyte
material?
each via (d) is
wings
fertilized by a sperm carrying the D allele. Which gene products would be found in this
Correct Answer:
Question 51. a deletion
covalent
Genes thatand
are ainherited
bond duplication
between a 5' phosphate
only and 3' such
from the mother, OH group.
as
fertilized oocyte?
mitochondrial
Question genes (all organelles come only from the ovum). maternal
Explain how19. chromosomes are stained and characterized with respect to the location of
Question
Correct
By conducting
the 14.
Answer:
phenotype+offspring
74.
98.
centromeres,
only d
testcrosses,
gene products
phenotype
researchers
size, and banding
if mother is vargiated then offspring can be G,
have (see
patterns found that the
Figure apple has 17 linkage groups.
8.1).
W or vargiated
Person
What
How many A carries
features of aDNA
fairly
chromosomes large
structure
woulddeletion
enable of
you expectit chromosome
to be
to find 3 whereas
replicated?
in leaf cells? person B carries a
Correct
Question Answer:
44. centromere is never actually at the center, each chromosome
duplication of the exact same region of chromosome 3. Which of the following statements
Correct
has a long
Question Answer:
(q) and Two key features
34a short ened (p). underlie
bondingthis property.
pattenrs: First, DNA
giasmed, is a
bonding
Which
do youof the33.
following
disagree with thestatements
most? regarding epigenetics is false?
double-stranded
numbers increasemolecule. as move away Each strand
from the can serve as a template
centeromere. binding to make to
regions a new
the
Barr body
Correct
strand, Answer:
thereby Maternal
The deletion
producing effect
is
another is a
likely type
to beof epigenetic
detrimental,
double-stranded
dye may be more compatct. useful for distinugushin chromosomes, structureal inheritance.
but
molecule. the duplication
Second, is
likely
changes toAnswer:
base-pairing
Correct be
andbeneficial.
in DNA mustbody
A dense
relationship obeyformed
between the species.
AT/GCfrom rule. Therefore, X
a deactivated when DNA strands act
chromosome.
as templates
Question 45.to make new strands, the new strands are always complementary
to the template
Question 75.
34.
52. strands. In this way, DNA replication produces two
The Igf2 gene that is inherited from the mother is silenced due to imprinting. A mutation,
, produced
Correct do notaThe
Answer:
end, producing have
short correct
deletion
arm and amount
is likely of
a longto
armgenetic
be material,
detrimental,
slighty and
but
off cener this
the is the cause
duplication is
of phenotypic
likely abnormality in the offspring.
to be beneficial.
Question 54.
Question 15.
70.
75.
acrocentric chromosome
Changes
What is ain chromosome
gene family? number can result in aneuploidy or they may affect the number
Correct Answer: Chromosome
of sets of chromosome. Would youinexpect
whichthethe centromere
following is near
changes one end, number
in chromosome
Correct
producing Answer: A group
a longneutral,
arm ator of
one homologous
end andAssuminggenes
a knob, or found within
satellite, at the same
the other species
end. would
to be detrimental, beneficial? that such an individual survives,
you expect the individual to be fertile? A. Monosomy 9 in maize. B. A triploid marigold. C. A
Question
unit, which76.
Question defies the law of independent assortment. This is a meaning for
55.
tetraploid human. D. A tetraploid daylily.
linkage
During that pertains
the technique of to inheritance.
genomic Crossing
hybridization, DNAover
from involves an or
normal cells exchange
cancer cells is
telocentric chromosome
Correct
between Answer: A.
homologous Monosomy
chromosomes 9 in corn:
that detrimental
can reassort and
the fertile.B.
alleles A triploid
that were
hybridized to metaphase chromosomes. Which samples are fluorescently labeled?
plant:
Correct probably
previously neutral
linked.
Answer: or beneficial,
Therefore, when
Chromosome but
crossing
in which not fertile.C.
over occurs,
the centromere A tetraploid
is offspring human:
at or verymaynearcarry
one
Correct Answer:
detrimental both
(lethal) normal
and and
fertile (if cander cells
survived).D. A tetraploid
combinations of alleles on their chromosomes that are different from their
end. plant: probably
beneficial and fertile
parents
Question
Question 77. 56.
Question
A person
the 16.
7.Down
with
four types syndrome
of change is
in chromosome structure:
By conducting testcrosses, researchers have found that the tomato has twelve linkage
Correct
Correct Answer:
Answer: aneuploid
- deletion -duplication -inversion -translocation
groups. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in leaf cells and pollen cells?
Correct Answer: Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a
Question
Correct
Question 78.
Answer: Because the tomato has twelve linkage groups, this means it
57. duplication.
result of gene make up gene families
has twelve
Humans that different
survive chromosomes
with aneuploidy per set.
usually haveThe tomato
incorrect is diploid,
numbers meaning that
of chromosome 13,
deletion
somatic
18, cells
or 21 or 61. have two sets of chromosomes. Therefore, the tomato
the sex chromosomes. A possible explanation why these abnormalities permit has 24
Question
Correct
chromosomesAnswer:
survival is because in A change
leaf cells.to a chromosome
Pollen in which
cells are haploid a fragment
and would have of 12
the
inversions
chromosome
chromosomesis removed. phenotype consequence: depends on size and if piece
Correct Answer:
lost is vital (AG/PWS the chromosomes
are examples)are small nddeletion:
interstitial carry relatively few genes
two breaks in and/or
Correct Answer: usually okay. unless breaks at vital point or position efeccts
x chrom inactivation
Question
expersion. 17.
chromosome 102.
8. not on the end. terminal deletion: at the end, one peice broken
offspring may be more likly to be abnormal, esspecially if larger
inversions,
In the regions
Some drawing becuase
shown
of of crossing
below,
chromosomes the top
are over.
strand
more pericentric:
(purple)
likely to cross if centromere
is the template
over compared DNA,lies
to andwithin
theSuch
others. bottom
a
Question
inverted
shows
region the 58.
region.
synthesis
is called paracentric
a "hotofspot". if without.
the lagging
Gene Astrand (DNAB,inwhich
and gene blue and RNA
are in primers
a hot in red).
spot for crossing over,
duplication
are 5,000,000 bp apart on the same chromosome. Gene C and gene D are also 5,000,000
Correct Answer: Ligase is needed only at the right arrow 3'. At the left 5' arrow,
bp apart but62.
Question they are not in a hot spot. If you conducted two-factor crosses to compute the
Correct Answer: change
DNA polymerase is adding to nucleotides
a chromosome to thein which part ofof
DNA strand the
thechromosome
adjacent is
map distance between genes A and B and between genes C and D, would the map
translocation
repeated tend to be less harmful then deltion. overtime duplictions can form
Okazaki fragment.
distances be the same between A and B compared to Cand D? Explain why or why not.
gene families. occurs durin crossin gover of missalinged chromosomes
Correct Answer: Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one
Question
recombination
Correct
chromosome 18.
Answer:
27.
103. will
The create on chromosome
map distance between with
genes a deltion
A and one
attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome. if balanced phenotype
with appear
B would a duplication
to be
greater than between C and D because of the higher rate of crossing over. We
is okay.
dosage
What aalternate
is compensation
meant by the segreation: all four
term processive balanced
enzyme? adjacent-1-seg:
Explain why this is anall haploids
important
would
Question obtain 59. more recombinant offspring with regard to genes A and B, so the
unbalanced of DNA polymerase.
characteristic
Correct
computed Answer: Mechanism
map distance would in which
be higher, X chromosome
even though inactivation
the physical equalizes
distance gene
gene families
expression
Correct
betweenAnswer: between
A and andmales
B,processive and
between enzymefemales.
C and is D,
one level
is that ofremains
expression
identical. equalto
clamped even
one though
of its
Question 63.
Correct
dosage
substrates. Answer:
is different
In the Groups
case of ofDNA
related genes in an
polymerase, organism's
it remains clampedgenome.to the template
Analyze
strand
Question theit9.
as results
makes from an experiment
a new daughter strand. that usesThis the is
technique
important of genomic
to ensure hybridization
a fast
Question
(see Figure 20.
8.9).
Question
rate of DNA
True-breeding 19.
28.
60. synthesis
flies with singed bristles (s) and normal wings (L) were crossed to
In a chi square analysis involving genes that may be linked, the expected values are
Correct
genomic
paralogous Answer:
printing
true-breeding flies comparing
genes with normal normal
bristles (S)celles
and with cancer.
vestigial wingsdeletions in chromosomes
(l). All F1 offspring had
calculated
Question 104.
of cancer
Correct cells
Answer: show a ratio
Homologous of less
genes than
that one,
are duplication
found in the
normal wings and normal bristles. (Note: assume that neither of these genes is X-linked.) show
same a ratio
genome greater
as a
Correct Answer: alleles are imprinted (chemically marked) so that one pair
than
The F1one
Correct
result
What of
are and
Answer:
gene
the
offspring ifduplication.
ratio
expectedbased
were is on
0crossed
both
results
then vlaues
make have
for the from
toup deletions
gene
Meselson
flies independent
with families
and Stahl
singed assortment
experiment
bristles (1:1:1:1)
after
and vestigial 5wings.
generations
For the
member is activated, regardless of its make-up trianlge is silent, circle is
(i.e, 5 roundswhat
F2 offspring, of DNA replication
genotypes andinphenotypes
the presence areofpossible?
light nitrogen)?
Which F2 Note: duringare
offspring generation
expressed imprinted hapens prior to fertilization
Question
zero, the DNA
recombinant 20.
and
64.
21.
61. is all heavy,
which areand subsequent generations
nonrecombinant? What will be only themake
ratioslight DNA.
of the F2 offspring if
independent assortment is taking place? How will the ratios be affected by linkage?
Euploid
Two
Correct
Question vs.
genes
inversions Aneuploid
are
29.36 map
Answer: 1/16units apart. In 15/16
half-heavy, a testcross,
light what percentage of offspring is expected
to be recombinants?
Correct Answer: The four phenotypic categories for the F2 offspring are: normal
Correct
AS and PWS Answer: euploid:
usually okay.vartion of exact
unless breaks multiple
at vital (2n,
point3n)or Aneploid:
position not exact
efeccts
wings, singled
Question 105. bristles; normal wings, normal bristles; vestigial wings, singled
multiple,
Correct
expersion. 2n+1
Answer: (trisomic
offspring 36 may3n) unblanced!
be more likly to be abnormal, esspecially if larger
Correct
bristles;Answer:
and vestigial if deletion
wings, pfnormal
chrom is inheritaed
bristles. from mom: AS,are
The recombinants from dad: PWS
normal
inversions,
At the E. coli becuase of crossing
origin of replication, the over. pericentric:
function of the DnaA if centromere
protein is lies within
AS:
wings,does not crry
normal activeand
bristles, AS gene UBE3A
vestigial wings,PWS: does not
singled carryThey
bristles. active gene SNRPN
have
Questionregion.
inverted 21.
22. paracentric if without.
65.
Correct
combinationsAnswer: to bind
of traits to DnaA
that boxes and
are different from separate the AT-rich parental
the true-breeding region
From an experimental
maternal
generation.
Question effect
30. point of view,
The F2 offspring will what
occur is in
thea advantage
1:1:1:1 ratio of staining chromosomes?
if the two genes are not
Question 62.
wo circular be the genotype(s)
molecules of F2 offspring
are topoisomers that carry
of each other;recombinant
they containchromosomes?
the same amount
multiply
(Reminder:
of DNA. Let's the two
recombinant
call them values together:108
chromosomes
DNA-1 and DNA-2. (0.34
areUnder 10-9)
the product
the electron= 0.34
of crossing 10-1 over).or
microscope,m, 0.034
What
DNA-1 m, or
percentage
appears
Correct Answer: all would be normal
Question
3.4
of
moreF2cm.offspring
compact 105.
1 pointThe would
compared answer
be Aabb? is 3.4The
to DNA-2. cm,levelwhich equals
of gene 1.3 inches!
transcription That lower
is much is for
enormously
DNA-2.
At the E.Which long
coli origin considering
of theoffollowing
replication,threethat a typical
thepossibilities
function of would human
the DnaA cell
bestproteinis only 10 to 100
explainisthese observations?A. μm in
Question
Correct Answer:
diameter. 46.
As gcd
described 3022
The recombinant
in exam
Chapter 210,
F2 Questions
offspring
the DNA have
has and to Answers
allelic
be combinations
greatly compacted thatto are
DNA-1 has 4 positive supercoils and DNA-2 has 2 negative supercoils.B. DNA-1 has 2
the
Correct
Which result
ofa offollowing
Answer:
the a crossover.
to bind toThey
DnaA differ
boxes compared
and imprinting
separateto theof parental
the AT-rich generation.
region In
fit into
positive living
supercoils andstatements
cell. DNA-2 has 4 regarding
negativethe supercoils.C. DNA-1 genes has(such as Igf2, PWS
4 negative
this case,
gene, or ASand the
gene) recombinant
is false? F2 offspring are Aa Bb and aa bb. Draw out the
supercoils DNA-2 has 2 positive supercoils.
Question
chromosomes,
Question 1.
106. starting
91. Imprinting involves with the parental generation if you don't get this. An Aa
Correct
bb Answer:
offspring
Correct Answer: is nonrecombinant,
The correct answer as isisDNA
anC. aa methylation
DNA-1Bb offspring.
is more that first occurs
Because
compact the two
because during genes
it has
Explain
In order the
to concept
replicate
Which of the following
embryogenesis. (itof
the linkage
entire and
circular
could be occurs
actually how
the components it
in is affected
chromosome by
of crossing
E. coli,
of a single nucleotide
spermatogenesis how
or over
many(see Figure
replication
found within
oopgenesis but 6.2).
forks
an
not RNA
are
more 10map
supercoils. units apart,
However, thisnegative
means 10% are recombinant
supercoiling promotes and 90% are
strand separation
are used?
strand?it does involve methylation and can be altered from one generation to the
both,
Correct Answer:
nonrecombinant.
whereas positivelinkage: Becauseathere
supercoiling single arechromosome,
inhibits two it.types
Therefore,ofornon allgenes
of theingenes
recombinant DNA-1 found
offspring
would onbe athat
next)
singleeasily
Correct
occur
more chromosome,
in Answer:
equal two which
amounts
transcribed (Aa are
bb linked
compared andto together;
aaDNA-2. also called a
Bb), the percentage ofsynteny
Aa bb would group. be
Correct Answer: ribose, uracil, and phosphate
humans have 22 autosomal linkage groups, and an X chromosome linkage
45%
Question
Question
group, with2. 47.males also having a Y chromosome linkage group. In addition, the
107.
87.
Question 92.
Question
human
Question
In humans, 89.
mitochondrial
12.
the initial genome is another
X chromosome inactivation linkage
(the group. crossing
spreading over allows for
Primase
What areisthe
pyrimidines needed
four during
criteria DNA the
that replication
genetic because
material DNA
must fulfill to phase)
polymerase is not
function occurs
able
as theduring
togenetic
recombination:
In the weexperiment theAvery,
combination of alleles that is notwaspresent inwhen
original linkage
When
material?
Correct say that of
Answer: two McLeod,
different
embryonic genes
development
andareMcCarty,
linked,in
what
this
females means the effect RNase or
Correct
groups
Correct
protease
Question Answer:
Answer:
was added
102. begin
Cytosine synthesis
to the DNA and on a bare
Thymine and uracil
extract? template strand.
Correct Answer: two Store orinformation,
more genes transmission,are on the same chromosome.
replication, and variation
In the drawing
Correct
Question Answer:
48. shown below, the
It allowed the top strand (purple)
conversion of type is the R template
bacteria DNA, into type and the S bottom
Question 108. 2.
93.
shows the synthesis of the lagging strand (DNA in blue and RNA primers in red).
bacteria.
Question
As observedshows
Figure 3.
13.
88.
in fourthe o'clocks, for a of genethe that is boxes
inherited inare
a maternal inheritance pattern,
Purine 11.5
Describe how linkage affectssequencesthe outcome DnaA
of two-factor thatand found in the
three-factor origin of
crosses (see
Correct
which of Answer:
the following Ligase is needed
statements ishas only at the right arrow 3'. At the left 5' arrow,
true?
replication
If
An two
shown
Figures genes in
6.1below, E. coli.
are
6.3, linked,
an RNA
6.4, Actually,
6.5). they these
do
molecule not five
obey sequences
the followingare similar to
sequence: each other
Region 1 Region if you flip
2 Region
Question
DNA polymerase
Correct 90.
Answer: is addingand
Adenine nucleotides
Guanine to the DNA strand of the adjacent
some
Correct of them
Answer: in the
35'-CAUCCAUCCAUUCCCCAUCCGAUAAG- The opposite
offspringorientation.
only If you the
inherit don'tgene flip the
GGGAAUGGAUCCGAAUGGAUAACThree from firsttheir
one, mother.
which one(s) would
regions,
Correct
Okazaki
In humans, Answer:
fragment.
an Mendel's
The four classes
average-sized law of
chromosome independent
of offspring
contains assortment
are
about not 100produced
million bp inofequal
DNA. If the
you have
called to flip
region 1, 2,so and
that3all five
are of them have
underlined. Partsa of similar
region sequence
1 can form running in the same
a stem-loop with region
numbers,
DNA
Questionin such which
a
94. tells us that
chromosome were the purpleout
stretched and in vestigial
a linear genes how
manner, are long
linked. wouldAs it we be?
direction?
2 and withWhat region is 3.
the consensus
Can region 1 sequence
form a stem-loop for the DnaA box? 2 and region 3 at the
with region same
Question
expect for 4. 49.
linked genes, the parental chromosome configurations are
Question
time? Why
Positive 103.
or why not?
supercoiling can Which stem-loop wouldinyou predict to be moreInstable: a region
Correct
Correct Answer: here are 108 base pairs this chromosome. a double helix, a
cross isAnswer:
over-represented
A made between You need
in the to flip
offspring,
a green the third
while
four-o'clock the
andand fifth
recombinant
a white one sochromosome
four o'clock.that Green
all five would
chlorophyll
1/region
What isbase
single 2 interaction
a meant pairby or a region
the term processive
traverses about 1/region 3
enzyme?interaction?
Explain Explain your choice.
why this is an important
have
Correct
synthesis theAnswer:
configurations same
is inheritedorientation.
aremake Using0.34
under-represented
a segment
via the chloroplasts, theDNA
of
nm, which
orientation
which more
equals
of the 0.3410-9
compact.
are maternally first DnaAmeters.
inherited inbox, the If we
this species. If
characteristic
multiply the of
two DNA polymerase.
values together:108 (0.34 10-9) = 0.34 10-1 m, or 0.034 m, or
consensus
Correct Answer:of the top
egion strand
1 cannot is5'-TGTGGATAA-3'
form a stem-loop
the white plant provides the pollen, the expected outcome of the offspring would be with region 2 and region 3 at
3.4
the cm.
same 1 pointThe
time. answer is 3.4regions cm, which equals 1.3 inches! That isbase
Correct
Question 3. Complementary
Answer:
95. processive enzyme is one of RNA
that formremains base pairs,
clamped not
to one of its
Correct Answer:
enormously long all plants with
considering green leaves
triplets. TheIn
substrates. region
the case 1/region
of DNA 2that a typical
interaction
polymerase,
human
would becell
it remains
is only
slightly
clamped more10 to
tostable
100 μm than
the template
inthe
Apply
In
diameter. a chi
eukaryotes, squarea site
As described test to
within evaluate
the cell
in Chapter if two
nucleus genes
10, it that
the are
is linked.
occupied by a single chromosome istoa
region 1/region
strand as it makes 3 interaction
a new daughter because strand. is DNA
one has to be greatly
Thisnucleotide
is important longer, compacted
to ensureand itahas fasta
fit into amount
Question
higher a living
50. cell.
No GCseparate
ofchromosome
base pairs. answer Rememberwas provided that GCinbase the source
pairs form PDF.three
rate
Correct of DNA
Answer: synthesis territory.
hydrogen
In bonds compared
frogs, a true-breeding female towithAU green
base pairs, which form
skin is crossed two hydrogen
to a true-breeding malebonds.with
Question
Therefore,
yellow skin. 5. 91.
helices with a higher GC content are more stable.
Question 4.
All of the F1 offspring have green skin. The F1 female offspring are then
104.
96.
crossedofto
Which true-breeding
the followingof males
could withcomponents
be the yellow skin. of
Allaofsingle
the F2 offspring found
nucleotide have green
withinaskin.
an RNA
Describe
What
When are the
the concept
comparingexpected a genetic
results
the genome map,
fora the
of and be able
Meselson
simple and to
eukaryote, useexperiment
Stahl
such testcross
as a yeast,data a to
after
to 5make
generations
complex
These are observations are consistent with
strand?
linkage
(i.e, mapsuch
5 rounds
eukaryote, (see Figures
of DNA
as 6.7, 6.8,
a replication
plant, why in 6.9).
is the plant
the presence of light
genome nitrogen)?
so much Note: during generation
larger?
zero, the Answer:
Correct DNA is allribose,
heavy,
both and
maternal subsequent
uracil, effect
and generations
and
phosphateinheritance only make light DNA.
Correct Answer: The No separate
plant genomeanswer haswas provided
more genesin and themore
source PDF.
repetitive DNA.
Correct Answer: 1/16 half-heavy, 15/16 light
Question
Question 6. 51.
97.
92.
5.
Explain how chromosomes
The nucleotides
pyrimidines
Question are stained
within a single and are
DNA strand characterized with
attached to respect
each other to
viathe location of
Also be able105.
to predict the outcome of a cross if you already know the map distance
the centromeres, size, and banding patterns (see Figure 8.1).
between
At
Correct two origin
the E. Answer:
coli genes.aofcovalent
replication,
Cytosine bond
and the function
between
Thymine ofathe
and DnaA protein
5' phosphate
uracil is 3' OH group.
and
Correct Answer: centromere is never actually at the center, each chromosome
Correct Answer: to Nobind
separate
to DnaAanswer
boxeswas provided
and separate in the
the AT-rich
source region
PDF.
has a long 93.
Question (q) and a short ened (p). bonding pattenrs: giasmed, bonding
98.
numbers increase as move away from the centeromere. binding regions to the
What features
Purine
Question 6. of DNA structure enable it to be replicated?
106.
dye may be more compatct. useful for distinugushin chromosomes, structureal
Explain
In order how
changes
Correct to andlinkage
replicate
Answer: andkey
the
Two crossing
entire
relationship
Adenine over underlie
circular
features
between
and are
Guanine related
chromosome
species. toof
this each other.
E. coli,
property. how many
First, replication
DNA is a forks
are used?
double-stranded molecule. Each strand can serve as a template to make a new
Correct Answer: Linkage has both a physical meaning and a meaning that
Question
strand,
Correct to7.
thereby
52.
94.
pertainsAnswer:
producing another double-stranded molecule. Second,
inheritance.
two Two or more different genes may be linked to each
base-pairing in DNA must obey the AT/GC rule. Therefore, when DNA strands act
other because
metacentric
Positive theycan
chromosome
supercoiling are found on the same chromosome. This is a physical
as templates to make new strands, the new strands are always complementary
meaning for
Question 107. linkage. When two or more different genes are close together on
Correct Answer: strands.
to the template make a segment of DNA
In this way, DNAmore compact.
replication produces two
the same chromosome, the alleles of those genes tend to be transmitted as a
Primase is needed during
double-stranded DNA replication
molecules that have because
the same DNA polymerase
base sequence is not ableoriginal
as the to
double-stranded
Question molecule. This allows DNA to store information from cell to cell
95. begin
14.
Correct Answer: synthesis on a bare template strand.
and from generation to generation.
,Question 41.
In snails, coiling is controlled by a maternal effect gene in which D (right) is dominant to d
Question
(left) A female 8.
14.that coils to the right has offspring that all coil to the left. What are the
Let's suppose
genotypes thatmother
of the two genes are linked
of these offspring on the
and same chromosome.
the maternal On one homolog,
grandmother, B is
respectively?
linked to c, and on the other homolog, b is linked to C. To transmit a recombinant
Correct Answer: dd,Dd
chromosome to an offspring, when and where does a crossover have to occur to alter the
Correct Answer: all would be normal
pattern of linkage so that an offspring could inherit a chromosome that carries B and C, or
Question
one that carries 39.
42. b and c?
Question
Red-green
A maternalcolor 46. blindness
27.
effect pattern of in inheritance
humans is inherited as an X-linked
can be explained by recessive trait. Usually,
Correct Answer: rossing over occurs during meiosis in the region between the
heterozygous
Which
dosage females are
ofcompensation
the following not colorblind.
statements regarding However, a doctorof
the imprinting identified
genes (suchan unusual
as Igf2,case
PWSin
two genes.
Correct Answer: nurse cells that provide the oocytes with gene products
which or
gene, a heterozygous
AS gene) is false? female was colorblind in her right eye but had normal color vision in
Correct Answer: Mechanism in which X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene
her left eye. If you assume that this phenotype was not due to a new mutation, explain
Question
Correct Answer:
expression
how this might 9.between
15.
43. Imprinting
males and
have occurred.
involves
females. DNAlevelmethylation
of expression that first
equal occurs
evenduring
though
embryogenesis.
dosage is different (it actually occurs in spermatogenesis or oopgenesis but not
With regard to a linked genes
maternal alonggene,
effect the same chromosome,
a mother is dd and her which of theoocyte
haploid following
(d) is
Correct
both, Answer:
it does involveIn this female, asand
methylation a matter
can beofaltered chance, XCI one
from occurred in the to
generation right
the
statements
fertilized by isa false?
sperm carrying the D allele. Which gene products would be found in this
eye
next) to always,
Question 28. or nearly always, inactivate the X chromosome carrying the
fertilized oocyte?
normal
Correct allele.
Answer: In Crossing
the left eye, overthe chromosome
is needed to produce carrying the color blindness
nonrecombinant allele
offspring.
genomic printing
was
Correctinactivated
Question 47. some
Answer: only dor most
gene of the time.
products
Correct Answer:
Question 16.initial alleles are imprinted (chemically marked) so that one pair
In humans, the X chromosome inactivation (the spreading phase) occurs during
Question
member is 10.
activated,
40.
44. regardless of its make-up trianlge is silent, circle is
Morgan observed a higher number of recombinant offspring involving eye color and wing
Correct Answer:
expressed imprinted embryonic
hapensdevelopment in females
prior to fertilization
In petunias,
length
Which (401
of the+ some318)strains
following compared haveto
statements flower
body petals
color and
regarding that have
eye
epigenetics a paler
color is(17 color
+
false? 12).compared to other
These results
strains.
occurredA because
true-breeding pale plant was pollinated by a true-breeding normal plant. All of
Correct
Question Answer:
48.hadMaternal
29. effect is a type of epigenetic inheritance.
the F1offspring pale petals. The F1 offspring were then pollinated by true-breeding
Correct Answer: the genes affecting eye color and wing length are farther apart
normal
As
AS plants.
observed
and PWS in All
four ofo'clocks,
the F2 offspring
for a gene hadthat
pale is petals.
inherited Explain this pattern
in a maternal of inheritance.
inheritance pattern,
on the X chromosome
Question compared to the genes affecting body color and eye color.
which of the45. following statements is true?
Correct Answer: if This is an example
deletion pf chromofismaternal
inheritaed inheritance.
from mom:The AS,offspring
from dad: PWS
The Igf2 gene that is inherited from the mother is silenced due to imprinting. A mutation,
inherit
Correct
AS: does
Question this
Answer:
not trait
17.
71. crryfrom
The theAS
offspring
active plant
gene donating
only inherit
UBE3A the
PWS:the eggs.
gene not
does from their
carry mother.
active gene SNRPN
which we will call Igf2—, is a loss-of-function mutation. If an Igf2 Igf2— mother is crossed
Two
When
to angenes
making
Igf2 areafather,
Igf2 22 mapwhat
karyotype, unitsis apart
which ofonthe
thefollowing
the predicted same
outcome?chromosome.
features is not A true-breeding
commonly used GGhh
to
Question 11.
41.
49.
30.
individual is crossed
characterize eukaryotic to achromosomes?
true-breeding ggHH individual. The F1 offspring are mated to
gghh
In
A snails,
crossindividuals.
methylation iscoiling isIfcontrolled
made between this testcross by aproduces
a green maternal1000
four-o'clock effect
andoffspring,
gene
a whitein which
howo'clock.
four many
D (right)
ofGreen
them
is dominant
would you
chlorophyllto d
Correct Answer: locations of transposably elements
(left)
expect A to
synthesis female
is that coils
beinherited
ggHh? viato thethe right has offspring
chloroplasts, which are that all coil to inherited
maternally the left. What are
in this the
species. If
Correct Answer: methyl groups attatch to cytosine base ICR- control region
genotypes
the white plant of the mother the
provides of these
pollen,offspring and the
the expected maternal
outcome of grandmother,
the offspring wouldrespectively?
be
Correct
methylation
Question Answer:
72. usually 390causes inhibition of transcription demthylation occurs in
Correct Answer:
gamate formation dd,Dd
all plants with green leaves
Let's suppose that two homologous chromosomes pair up but they are misaligned,
Question
perhaps because 18. the chromosome contains multiple transposable elements of the same
Question
A researcher
type. 12.
42.
50.
31.
If a crossoverconducted occurs, crosses
what between
will be the two different strains of Drosophila. When
result?
true-breeding
A
In maternal
extranuclear effect
fliespattern
frogs, a true-breeding with singed
inheritance of inheritance
female bristles (s)
with green can
and benormal
skin explained wings
is crossed by
to(L) were crossed male
a true-breeding to with
Correct Answer: One chromosome will carry a deletion and the other will carry a
true-breeding
yellow skin. Allflies of the with
F1normal
offspring bristles
have (S) andskin.
green vestigial
The F1 wings
female(l), all F1 offspring
offspring had
are then
duplication.
Correct Answer: inheritance nurse cells that provide
of traits the oocytes
determined with gene
by factors products
outside of nucleus
normal wings
crossed and normalmales
to true-breeding bristles. The
with F1 offspring
yellow skin. Allwere of thecrossed to flieshave
F2 offspring withgreen
singed skin.
bristlesare
These and vestigial wings.
observations Which F2 offspring
are consistent with is/are recombinant?
Question 13.
43.
73.
97.
32.
Correct Answer: both Singed bristles/vestigial
maternal effect andwings and normal bristles/normal
inheritance
Withnucleotides
Which
The regard
maternal of theto a within
maternal
following
inheritance does effect
alter
a single gene,
thestrand
DNA a mother
total amount is of
ddgenetic
are attached andtoher haploid
other oocyte
material?
each via (d) is
wings
fertilized by a sperm carrying the D allele. Which gene products would be found in this
Correct Answer:
Question 51. a deletion
covalent
Genes thatand
are ainherited
bond duplication
between a 5' phosphate
only and 3' such
from the mother, OH group.
as
fertilized oocyte?
mitochondrial
Question genes (all organelles come only from the ovum). maternal
Explain how19. chromosomes are stained and characterized with respect to the location of
Question
Correct
By conducting
the 14.
Answer:
phenotype+offspring
74.
98.
centromeres,
only d
testcrosses,
gene products
phenotype
researchers
size, and banding
if mother is vargiated then offspring can be G,
have (see
patterns found that the
Figure apple has 17 linkage groups.
8.1).
W or vargiated
Person
What
How many A carries
features of aDNA
fairly
chromosomes large
structure
woulddeletion
enable of
you expectit chromosome
to be
to find 3 whereas
replicated?
in leaf cells? person B carries a
Correct
Question Answer:
44. centromere is never actually at the center, each chromosome
duplication of the exact same region of chromosome 3. Which of the following statements
Correct
has a long
Question Answer:
(q) and Two key features
34a short ened (p). underlie
bondingthis property.
pattenrs: First, DNA
giasmed, is a
bonding
Which
do youof the33.
following
disagree with thestatements
most? regarding epigenetics is false?
double-stranded
numbers increasemolecule. as move away Each strand
from the can serve as a template
centeromere. binding to make to
regions a new
the
Barr body
Correct
strand, Answer:
thereby Maternal
The deletion
producing effect
is
another is a
likely type
to beof epigenetic
detrimental,
double-stranded
dye may be more compatct. useful for distinugushin chromosomes, structureal inheritance.
but
molecule. the duplication
Second, is
likely
changes toAnswer:
base-pairing
Correct be
andbeneficial.
in DNA mustbody
A dense
relationship obeyformed
between the species.
AT/GCfrom rule. Therefore, X
a deactivated when DNA strands act
chromosome.
as templates
Question 45.to make new strands, the new strands are always complementary
to the template
Question 75.
34.
52. strands. In this way, DNA replication produces two
The Igf2 gene that is inherited from the mother is silenced due to imprinting. A mutation,
, produced
Correct do notaThe
Answer:
end, producing have
short correct
deletion
arm and amount
is likely of
a longto
armgenetic
be material,
detrimental,
slighty and
but
off cener this
the is the cause
duplication is
of phenotypic
likely abnormality in the offspring.
to be beneficial.
Question 54.
Question 15.
70.
75.
acrocentric chromosome
Changes
What is ain chromosome
gene family? number can result in aneuploidy or they may affect the number
Correct Answer: Chromosome
of sets of chromosome. Would youinexpect
whichthethe centromere
following is near
changes one end, number
in chromosome
Correct
producing Answer: A group
a longneutral,
arm ator of
one homologous
end andAssuminggenes
a knob, or found within
satellite, at the same
the other species
end. would
to be detrimental, beneficial? that such an individual survives,
you expect the individual to be fertile? A. Monosomy 9 in maize. B. A triploid marigold. C. A
Question
unit, which76.
Question defies the law of independent assortment. This is a meaning for
55.
tetraploid human. D. A tetraploid daylily.
linkage
During that pertains
the technique of to inheritance.
genomic Crossing
hybridization, DNAover
from involves an or
normal cells exchange
cancer cells is
telocentric chromosome
Correct
between Answer: A.
homologous Monosomy
chromosomes 9 in corn:
that detrimental
can reassort and
the fertile.B.
alleles A triploid
that were
hybridized to metaphase chromosomes. Which samples are fluorescently labeled?
plant:
Correct probably
previously neutral
linked.
Answer: or beneficial,
Therefore, when
Chromosome but
crossing
in which not fertile.C.
over occurs,
the centromere A tetraploid
is offspring human:
at or verymaynearcarry
one
Correct Answer:
detrimental both
(lethal) normal
and and
fertile (if cander cells
survived).D. A tetraploid
combinations of alleles on their chromosomes that are different from their
end. plant: probably
beneficial and fertile
parents
Question
Question 77. 56.
Question
A person
the 16.
7.Down
with
four types syndrome
of change is
in chromosome structure:
By conducting testcrosses, researchers have found that the tomato has twelve linkage
Correct
Correct Answer:
Answer: aneuploid
- deletion -duplication -inversion -translocation
groups. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in leaf cells and pollen cells?
Correct Answer: Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a
Question
Correct
Question 78.
Answer: Because the tomato has twelve linkage groups, this means it
57. duplication.
result of gene make up gene families
has twelve
Humans that different
survive chromosomes
with aneuploidy per set.
usually haveThe tomato
incorrect is diploid,
numbers meaning that
of chromosome 13,
deletion
somatic
18, cells
or 21 or 61. have two sets of chromosomes. Therefore, the tomato
the sex chromosomes. A possible explanation why these abnormalities permit has 24
Question
Correct
chromosomesAnswer:
survival is because in A change
leaf cells.to a chromosome
Pollen in which
cells are haploid a fragment
and would have of 12
the
inversions
chromosome
chromosomesis removed. phenotype consequence: depends on size and if piece
Correct Answer:
lost is vital (AG/PWS the chromosomes
are examples)are small nddeletion:
interstitial carry relatively few genes
two breaks in and/or
Correct Answer: usually okay. unless breaks at vital point or position efeccts
x chrom inactivation
Question
expersion. 17.
chromosome 102.
8. not on the end. terminal deletion: at the end, one peice broken
offspring may be more likly to be abnormal, esspecially if larger
inversions,
In the regions
Some drawing becuase
shown
of of crossing
below,
chromosomes the top
are over.
strand
more pericentric:
(purple)
likely to cross if centromere
is the template
over compared DNA,lies
to andwithin
theSuch
others. bottom
a
Question
inverted
shows
region the 58.
region.
synthesis
is called paracentric
a "hotofspot". if without.
the lagging
Gene Astrand (DNAB,inwhich
and gene blue and RNA
are in primers
a hot in red).
spot for crossing over,
duplication
are 5,000,000 bp apart on the same chromosome. Gene C and gene D are also 5,000,000
Correct Answer: Ligase is needed only at the right arrow 3'. At the left 5' arrow,
bp apart but62.
Question they are not in a hot spot. If you conducted two-factor crosses to compute the
Correct Answer: change
DNA polymerase is adding to nucleotides
a chromosome to thein which part ofof
DNA strand the
thechromosome
adjacent is
map distance between genes A and B and between genes C and D, would the map
translocation
repeated tend to be less harmful then deltion. overtime duplictions can form
Okazaki fragment.
distances be the same between A and B compared to Cand D? Explain why or why not.
gene families. occurs durin crossin gover of missalinged chromosomes
Correct Answer: Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one
Question
recombination
Correct
chromosome 18.
Answer:
27.
103. will
The create on chromosome
map distance between with
genes a deltion
A and one
attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome. if balanced phenotype
with appear
B would a duplication
to be
greater than between C and D because of the higher rate of crossing over. We
is okay.
dosage
What aalternate
is compensation
meant by the segreation: all four
term processive balanced
enzyme? adjacent-1-seg:
Explain why this is anall haploids
important
would
Question obtain 59. more recombinant offspring with regard to genes A and B, so the
unbalanced of DNA polymerase.
characteristic
Correct
computed Answer: Mechanism
map distance would in which
be higher, X chromosome
even though inactivation
the physical equalizes
distance gene
gene families
expression
Correct
betweenAnswer: between
A and andmales
B,processive and
between enzymefemales.
C and is D,
one level
is that ofremains
expression
identical. equalto
clamped even
one though
of its
Question 63.
Correct
dosage
substrates. Answer:
is different
In the Groups
case of ofDNA
related genes in an
polymerase, organism's
it remains clampedgenome.to the template
Analyze
strand
Question theit9.
as results
makes from an experiment
a new daughter strand. that usesThis the is
technique
important of genomic
to ensure hybridization
a fast
Question
(see Figure 20.
8.9).
Question
rate of DNA
True-breeding 19.
28.
60. synthesis
flies with singed bristles (s) and normal wings (L) were crossed to
In a chi square analysis involving genes that may be linked, the expected values are
Correct
genomic
paralogous Answer:
printing
true-breeding flies comparing
genes with normal normal
bristles (S)celles
and with cancer.
vestigial wingsdeletions in chromosomes
(l). All F1 offspring had
calculated
Question 104.
of cancer
Correct cells
Answer: show a ratio
Homologous of less
genes than
that one,
are duplication
found in the
normal wings and normal bristles. (Note: assume that neither of these genes is X-linked.) show
same a ratio
genome greater
as a
Correct Answer: alleles are imprinted (chemically marked) so that one pair
than
The F1one
Correct
result
What of
are and
Answer:
gene
the
offspring ifduplication.
ratio
expectedbased
were is on
0crossed
both
results
then vlaues
make have
for the from
toup deletions
gene
Meselson
flies independent
with families
and Stahl
singed assortment
experiment
bristles (1:1:1:1)
after
and vestigial 5wings.
generations
For the
member is activated, regardless of its make-up trianlge is silent, circle is
(i.e, 5 roundswhat
F2 offspring, of DNA replication
genotypes andinphenotypes
the presence areofpossible?
light nitrogen)?
Which F2 Note: duringare
offspring generation
expressed imprinted hapens prior to fertilization
Question
zero, the DNA
recombinant 20.
and
64.
21.
61. is all heavy,
which areand subsequent generations
nonrecombinant? What will be only themake
ratioslight DNA.
of the F2 offspring if
independent assortment is taking place? How will the ratios be affected by linkage?
Euploid
Two
Correct
Question vs.
genes
inversions Aneuploid
are
29.36 map
Answer: 1/16units apart. In 15/16
half-heavy, a testcross,
light what percentage of offspring is expected
to be recombinants?
Correct Answer: The four phenotypic categories for the F2 offspring are: normal
Correct
AS and PWS Answer: euploid:
usually okay.vartion of exact
unless breaks multiple
at vital (2n,
point3n)or Aneploid:
position not exact
efeccts
wings, singled
Question 105. bristles; normal wings, normal bristles; vestigial wings, singled
multiple,
Correct
expersion. 2n+1
Answer: (trisomic
offspring 36 may3n) unblanced!
be more likly to be abnormal, esspecially if larger
Correct
bristles;Answer:
and vestigial if deletion
wings, pfnormal
chrom is inheritaed
bristles. from mom: AS,are
The recombinants from dad: PWS
normal
inversions,
At the E. coli becuase of crossing
origin of replication, the over. pericentric:
function of the DnaA if centromere
protein is lies within
AS:
wings,does not crry
normal activeand
bristles, AS gene UBE3A
vestigial wings,PWS: does not
singled carryThey
bristles. active gene SNRPN
have
Questionregion.
inverted 21.
22. paracentric if without.
65.
Correct
combinationsAnswer: to bind
of traits to DnaA
that boxes and
are different from separate the AT-rich parental
the true-breeding region
From an experimental
maternal
generation.
Question effect
30. point of view,
The F2 offspring will what
occur is in
thea advantage
1:1:1:1 ratio of staining chromosomes?
if the two genes are not
Question 62.
