Pathophysiology Exam 1 Practice Test | Newest 2026 ||
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Which term describes the ability of the body to maintain a relatively
stable internal environment despite external changes?
A. Adaptation
B. Homeostasis
C. Inflammation
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal
conditions, including temperature, blood glucose, fluid balance, and
blood pH. Regulatory systems continually adjust physiological processes
to maintain these conditions. Disease can develop when compensatory
mechanisms become inadequate or fail.
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for reducing a physiological
change and returning the body toward its normal range?
A. Positive feedback
,B. Cellular differentiation
C. Negative feedback
D. Apoptosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Negative feedback counteracts a change in a regulated
variable. For example, when blood glucose rises after a meal, insulin
promotes glucose uptake and storage, helping return glucose levels
toward the normal range. Positive feedback instead amplifies an initial
change, as occurs during labor contractions.
Which example best demonstrates a pathological adaptation to
prolonged stress?
A. A temporary increase in heart rate during exercise
B. The normal enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy
C. The replacement of damaged cells during routine tissue repair
D. Thickening of the left ventricular wall in response to chronic
hypertension
Answer: D
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases the resistance against which
the left ventricle must pump. The heart responds by enlarging
individual cardiac muscle cells, producing ventricular hypertrophy.
Although this adaptation may initially help maintain cardiac output,
prolonged hypertrophy can impair ventricular relaxation and
contribute to heart failure.
,What is the primary characteristic of cellular hypertrophy?
A. An increase in the size of individual cells
B. An increase in the number of cells
C. A decrease in the size of individual cells
D. The replacement of one mature cell type with another
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy involves an increase in individual cell size,
which may enlarge the affected organ. It commonly occurs in tissues
whose cells have limited ability to divide, such as cardiac muscle.
Hyperplasia, by contrast, involves an increase in cell number.
Which cellular adaptation occurs when the number of cells in a tissue
increases?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells resulting
from cell proliferation. It can be physiological, such as glandular growth
during pregnancy, or pathological, such as excessive endometrial
proliferation. Hyperplasia differs from hypertrophy, which increases
cell size rather than cell number.
, Which term describes a decrease in cell size and often a reduction in the
size of the affected organ?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy occurs when cells become smaller because of
reduced protein synthesis, increased protein degradation, decreased
workload, inadequate nutrition, loss of nerve supply, or aging. For
example, a limb immobilized in a cast may develop muscle atrophy
because the muscles are used less frequently.
A long-term smoker develops replacement of normal ciliated
respiratory columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium.
Which cellular adaptation is occurring?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature
differentiated cell type with another better able to tolerate a persistent
MOST RECENT EXAM 2026|2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE
REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESS!! NEWEST EXAM | JUST
RELEASED!! SLCC (Salt Lake Community College)
Which term describes the ability of the body to maintain a relatively
stable internal environment despite external changes?
A. Adaptation
B. Homeostasis
C. Inflammation
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal
conditions, including temperature, blood glucose, fluid balance, and
blood pH. Regulatory systems continually adjust physiological processes
to maintain these conditions. Disease can develop when compensatory
mechanisms become inadequate or fail.
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for reducing a physiological
change and returning the body toward its normal range?
A. Positive feedback
,B. Cellular differentiation
C. Negative feedback
D. Apoptosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Negative feedback counteracts a change in a regulated
variable. For example, when blood glucose rises after a meal, insulin
promotes glucose uptake and storage, helping return glucose levels
toward the normal range. Positive feedback instead amplifies an initial
change, as occurs during labor contractions.
Which example best demonstrates a pathological adaptation to
prolonged stress?
A. A temporary increase in heart rate during exercise
B. The normal enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy
C. The replacement of damaged cells during routine tissue repair
D. Thickening of the left ventricular wall in response to chronic
hypertension
Answer: D
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases the resistance against which
the left ventricle must pump. The heart responds by enlarging
individual cardiac muscle cells, producing ventricular hypertrophy.
Although this adaptation may initially help maintain cardiac output,
prolonged hypertrophy can impair ventricular relaxation and
contribute to heart failure.
,What is the primary characteristic of cellular hypertrophy?
A. An increase in the size of individual cells
B. An increase in the number of cells
C. A decrease in the size of individual cells
D. The replacement of one mature cell type with another
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy involves an increase in individual cell size,
which may enlarge the affected organ. It commonly occurs in tissues
whose cells have limited ability to divide, such as cardiac muscle.
Hyperplasia, by contrast, involves an increase in cell number.
Which cellular adaptation occurs when the number of cells in a tissue
increases?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells resulting
from cell proliferation. It can be physiological, such as glandular growth
during pregnancy, or pathological, such as excessive endometrial
proliferation. Hyperplasia differs from hypertrophy, which increases
cell size rather than cell number.
, Which term describes a decrease in cell size and often a reduction in the
size of the affected organ?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy occurs when cells become smaller because of
reduced protein synthesis, increased protein degradation, decreased
workload, inadequate nutrition, loss of nerve supply, or aging. For
example, a limb immobilized in a cast may develop muscle atrophy
because the muscles are used less frequently.
A long-term smoker develops replacement of normal ciliated
respiratory columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium.
Which cellular adaptation is occurring?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature
differentiated cell type with another better able to tolerate a persistent
