SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide.

NRMS 5190
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Pathophysiology Exam1 Study Guide: ff f ff ff




Chapter1: ConceptsofHealthandDiseasef ff f f f f




KNOWTHIS: f




- **Pathophysiology: is the studyofthebody's responsetodysfunctionordisease; ff ff ff f f ff f f f f




“physiology ofaltered health” ff f ff




o Example: Pathophysiologyis the mechanism ofhigh blood pressure ff f ff ff ff ff ff




Aspects ofthe Disease Process:
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- *Etiology:is thecausesofdisease f f f f




- *Pathogenesis: explains howthe diseaseprocess evolves —it is the sequence ofevents ff ff f ff ff ff ff f ff ff ff ff




thattake place fromtime ofcontactwithetiologic agentuntil the expressionofthe
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disease ff




- *Morphologicchanges: refers tobothgross anatomicandmicroscopicchanges thatare ff ff ff f f f f f f ff f




characteristicofdisease
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- ClinicalManifestations:canbeobvious orsilent- forexampleanillness cancause fever f f f f ff f f ff f f f ff f ff




that makes itevident aperson issick,or there maybe no symptoms and disease is not
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discovereduntilitisadvanced(manycancers)
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- Diagnosis: is the designation ofthe cause ofthe health problem ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff




- Clinical Course: describes the evolutionofadisease, itmaybeacute orchronic ff ff ff ff f f ff f f ff ff f




DiseaseDiagnosisandPredictive Factors
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*Sensitivity: measures the proportion ofpositive test results out ofall truly positive samples;
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(called a True Positive Result). A test's sensitivity provides you with the percentage chance it will
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correctlyidentifyapersonwhohas the diseaseandtestpositive onthetest
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- Sensitivityevaluates howgoodatestis atdetectingpositive disease f ff f f f f ff f f ff




- Example:atest with90%sensitivitywillcorrectlyreturnapositiveresult for90%of f f f f f f f f f f f f f f




people who have the disease butwill returnanegative (** false negative**) for10%of
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people who have the disease andshouldhave testedpositive
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- Test with 90% sensitive, it will correctly return a positive result for 90% ofpeople who
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havethedisease
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- Will returnanegative, orfalse negative, for10%ofthe people
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Specificity: measures the truenegative rate; (atrueNegativeResult). Atest's specificityprovides
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youwiththe percentage chance it will correctlyidentifyaperson who does not have the disease
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- Specificitycanbecalculatedonlyfromamongpeoplewho do nothavethe disease f f ff f f f f ff f ff f f ff




See all study documents for NRMS 5190
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- Example: a test with 90% specificity will correctly return a negative result for 90% of
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people who don't have the disease but will return a 10% (**false positive**) result for
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people who don't have the disease andshouldhave testednegative
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- False positive results are unduly stressful, and False Negative tests can delay diagnosis and
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jeopardize the outcome oftreatment
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KNOWTHIS: f




- *Atest that has high sensitivity, will have lower specificity
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o Anexample ofwhere you want to knowthe sensitivityand specificityis a f ff ff ff ff ff f ff ff ff f ff




pregnancytest f




Epidemiology


Epidemiology:thestudyof'factorsaffectingthehealthandillnessofpopulations;studyofdisease
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occurrence inhuman populations, looks forpatterns andfactors in particular disorderand disease
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- Studyriskfactors formultifactorial diseasesuchas heartdiseaseandcancerin
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populations
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- “Whethersomething happens” ratherthanhow ff ff ff ff f




- Epidemiologic studies serve as abasis forclinical decisionmaking, allocationof ff ff ff ff f ff f ff f ff ff




healthcaredollars,anddevelopmentofpublichealthpolicies
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Sources ofInformation for Epidemiologists:
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*KNOWTHIS: Knowthe difference between morbidity and mortality
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- Morbidity: describes the effects anillness has onaperson's life ff ff ff ff f ff ff f f ff




o Concernedwithincidence, persistence, andlong-termconsequences f ff ff ff f f




o *Significant impacton aperson's life; longtermconsequences ofdisease ff f ff f ff ff f f ff




o Ex: Arthritis has alowdeath rate but has asignificant impact on a person's life
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- Mortality: pertains tothecauses ofdeathinagivenpopulation ff ff f ff ff f f f f




o Staticsto calculate leadingcauses ofdeath f ff ff f ff

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ThreeLevels ofDisease Prevention:
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*KNOWTHIS: Knowthe difference between the three
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- Primary: removingriskfactorssodiseasedoes notoccur f f f f f f f f




o No disease present ff ff




o Ex: folic acidto prenatal/pregnantwomen, counselingpeople howto adopt ff ff f f f ff f ff f f




healthylifestyle, immunizations f ff




- Secondary: early detection and treatment when disease is still curable ff f ff f ff ff f ff ff




o Asymptomatic
o Ex: Paper smear, historytaking, PE, labs, colonoscopy ff ff ff f ff ff ff




- Tertiary: preventing furtherdeterioration orreducing complication ofdisease
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o Clinical course/intervention ff




o Ex: antibiotic use, b-adrenergic drugs to decrease deathinMI, provisionforeye,
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foot, andcardio exams inpeople withDM ff f ff ff f ff f




Evidence-BasedPractice:the conscientious, explicit, andjudicious useofcurrentbestevidence in
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makingdecisions about the care ofindividual patients
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- MUST be basedon current evidence ff ff f ff ff




Crosssectionalstudies: canbeusedto comparetheprevalenceofadiseaseinthosewitha specific
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factorwiththe prevalence ofadisease inthose who are unexposed
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- Example: Heartdisease insmokers vs. nonsmokers ff f ff f ff ff




Casecontrol studies: comparingtwo groups —those withadisease orcondition(cases) andavery
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similargroupofpeoplewho donothavethe disease orcondition(controls)
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- Example is the characteristics ofmaternal alcohol consumptionininfants bornwithFAS
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(cases) can be compared withthose ininfants born without the syndrome (controls)
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- Anotherexample wouldbelifeguards who developedfacial skincancers (cases)
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comparedtolifeguardswhodidnot developfacialskincancers(control)
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Cohort studies (also known as Longitudinal studies): are followedover aperiodoftime to
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observe specific outcome
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- Maybe asingle group ortwo groups specificallyselectedwhere one group has been
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exposedandthe other has not, or asingle exposedgroup inwhichthe results are
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comparedwiththegeneralpopulation
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NRMS5190AdvancedPathophysiologyExam2StudyGuide 2026/27Update
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with complete solutions - SUNY Downstate Medical Center.
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Pathophysiolo... Other
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