MGT 201 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
COMPREHENSIVE TEST STUDY GUIDE
SOLVED QUESTIONS FINAL EXAM
◉ Negative Reinforcement. Answer: -Removal of undesirable
consequences that increase the likelihood of behavior being
repeated in the future
-Can backfire if used incorrectly
Example: Salesperson who performs well is removed from territory
that has difficult customers
◉ Punishment. Answer: -Unwanted consequences following
undesirable behavior to decrease the likelihood that it will be
repeated
-Punishments are discouraged in most organizations today, as they
may be inappropriate or too negative
Example: Salesperson who performs poorly is fired or demoted
◉ Extinction. Answer: The absence of positive consequences for
behavior, lessening the likelihood of that behavior in the future
,Example: Salesperson tells a tasteless joke and is ignored in the
hopes of discouraging such joking
◉ Reinforcement Approaches. Answer: Reinforcement Approach-
Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Punishment,
Extinction
Managerial Action- Provide desirable consequence,
Remove undesirable consequence, Provide undesirable
consequence, Remove desirable consequence
Effect- Increase probability of behavior being repeated, Increase
probability of behavior being repeated, Decrease probability of
behavior being repeated, Decrease probability of behavior being
repeated
Example- Highway construction supervisor receives bonus for each
day a project is completed ahead of schedule., Management stops
raising output quotas each time workers exceed them., Habitually
tardy crew member is fined the equivalent of one hour's pay each
day he is late to work., Group member stops making unsolicited
suggestions when team leader no longer mentions them in group
meetings.
,◉ group. Answer: -A set of people, usually from 3 to 20
-Some degree of interaction and shared objectives
◉ team. Answer: -A type or form of group
-Higher degree of coordinated interaction
-Stronger sense of members' personal responsibility for achieving
specified group outcomes
-High level of members' identification with the group
◉ Individuals to Group-to-Group Team Continuum. Answer:
individuals to group to team
-commonality of goal increases
-Degree of Interdependence and Collaboration increases
TEAMS demonstrate enhanced:
Coordinated interaction
Personal responsibility for group outcomes
Individual identification with group
◉ Basic Types of Groups- Command/Supervisory. Answer: Features:
-One supervisor with a number of subordinates
, -Relatively enduring
-Membership changes relatively slowly
Examples:
-Clerical units
-Manufacturing assembly units
-Local sales managers reporting to a regional sales manager
◉ Basic Types of Groups-Project/Task Force. Answer: Features:
-Temporary
-Specific limited purpose
-Group members are aware of temporary nature of the group
Examples:
-Product design teams
-Management information systems teams to develop upgraded
computer systems
-Team project groups in university classes
◉ Basic Types of Groups- Committee. Answer: Features:
-Either permanent or ad hoc
-Meet only periodically
COMPREHENSIVE TEST STUDY GUIDE
SOLVED QUESTIONS FINAL EXAM
◉ Negative Reinforcement. Answer: -Removal of undesirable
consequences that increase the likelihood of behavior being
repeated in the future
-Can backfire if used incorrectly
Example: Salesperson who performs well is removed from territory
that has difficult customers
◉ Punishment. Answer: -Unwanted consequences following
undesirable behavior to decrease the likelihood that it will be
repeated
-Punishments are discouraged in most organizations today, as they
may be inappropriate or too negative
Example: Salesperson who performs poorly is fired or demoted
◉ Extinction. Answer: The absence of positive consequences for
behavior, lessening the likelihood of that behavior in the future
,Example: Salesperson tells a tasteless joke and is ignored in the
hopes of discouraging such joking
◉ Reinforcement Approaches. Answer: Reinforcement Approach-
Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Punishment,
Extinction
Managerial Action- Provide desirable consequence,
Remove undesirable consequence, Provide undesirable
consequence, Remove desirable consequence
Effect- Increase probability of behavior being repeated, Increase
probability of behavior being repeated, Decrease probability of
behavior being repeated, Decrease probability of behavior being
repeated
Example- Highway construction supervisor receives bonus for each
day a project is completed ahead of schedule., Management stops
raising output quotas each time workers exceed them., Habitually
tardy crew member is fined the equivalent of one hour's pay each
day he is late to work., Group member stops making unsolicited
suggestions when team leader no longer mentions them in group
meetings.
,◉ group. Answer: -A set of people, usually from 3 to 20
-Some degree of interaction and shared objectives
◉ team. Answer: -A type or form of group
-Higher degree of coordinated interaction
-Stronger sense of members' personal responsibility for achieving
specified group outcomes
-High level of members' identification with the group
◉ Individuals to Group-to-Group Team Continuum. Answer:
individuals to group to team
-commonality of goal increases
-Degree of Interdependence and Collaboration increases
TEAMS demonstrate enhanced:
Coordinated interaction
Personal responsibility for group outcomes
Individual identification with group
◉ Basic Types of Groups- Command/Supervisory. Answer: Features:
-One supervisor with a number of subordinates
, -Relatively enduring
-Membership changes relatively slowly
Examples:
-Clerical units
-Manufacturing assembly units
-Local sales managers reporting to a regional sales manager
◉ Basic Types of Groups-Project/Task Force. Answer: Features:
-Temporary
-Specific limited purpose
-Group members are aware of temporary nature of the group
Examples:
-Product design teams
-Management information systems teams to develop upgraded
computer systems
-Team project groups in university classes
◉ Basic Types of Groups- Committee. Answer: Features:
-Either permanent or ad hoc
-Meet only periodically
