Campbell Biology Latest UPDATE 100 CORRECT ANSWERS

Campbell Biology Study Guide for the Exam | A+ Graded Solutions macromolecules - answer - four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) polymer - answer - large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together monomer - answer - a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers enzymes - answer - proteins that act as biological catalysts dehydration reaction - answer - A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. hydrolysis - answer - a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water carbohydrates - answer - compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body aldose - answer - a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal ketose - answer - any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal disaccharide - answer - a sugar formed from two monosaccharides glycosidic linkage - answer - a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction polysaccharide - answer - any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules starch - answer - a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in plants amylose - answer - unbranched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-4 linkages amylopectin - answer - branched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-6 linkages glycogen - answer - an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch cellulose - answer - polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls, never branched and has beta linkages chitin - answer - complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods lipids - answer - energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, hydrophobic fat - answer - constructed from glycerol and fatty acids fatty acids - answer - unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids triglyceride - answer - A type of lipid in which the macromolecule is composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule trans fat - answer - the fat that results when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted to saturated fats to prevent the separation of lipids (margarine and peanut butter are examples); this process produces saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds phospholipids - answer - A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. steroids - answer - lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings cholesterol - answer - A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, synthesized in the liver and obtained from diet catalysts - answer - substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed proteins - answer - contains carbon, hydrogen, oxyge, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids. polypeptides - answer - polymers of amino acids amino acids - answer - building blocks of proteins peptide bond - answer - the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid primary structure - answer - The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids. secondary structure - answer - Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone, alpha helix or beta pleated sheet tertiary structure - answer - the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide du