BIO Final Exam Review
Chapter 2
●Atoms are stable when all of the valence electrons are filled
●Hydrogen has a partial positive charge while Nitrogen has a partial
negative
●Water is a polar molecule that does hydrogen bonding
○Hydrophilic--”water loving”; structures with polar bonds
○Hydrophobic--”water fearing”; structures with nonpolar bonds
●Water has four emergent properties:
○Expansion upon freezing
○Moderation of temperature
○Cohesion
○Versatility as a solvent
●pH=-log[H+]
○pH is low in acid (more H+ ions)
○pH is high is base (more OH- ions)
●Each pH unit represents a 10x dierence in H+ concentrations
●Buer solutions maintain a relatively constant PH when either acids
or bases are added to them
●Carbon is the element in all organic molecules
●Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but dierent
structures and properties (Example: enantiomers)
● Carboxyl and amino groups are always in amino acids.
,
, ●A Major dierence between RNA and DNA is the type of sugar
●Saturated fats contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that
consist of the same number of carbon atoms
●The components of amino acid structure varies among dierent
amino acids
Chapter 2
●Atoms are stable when all of the valence electrons are filled
●Hydrogen has a partial positive charge while Nitrogen has a partial
negative
●Water is a polar molecule that does hydrogen bonding
○Hydrophilic--”water loving”; structures with polar bonds
○Hydrophobic--”water fearing”; structures with nonpolar bonds
●Water has four emergent properties:
○Expansion upon freezing
○Moderation of temperature
○Cohesion
○Versatility as a solvent
●pH=-log[H+]
○pH is low in acid (more H+ ions)
○pH is high is base (more OH- ions)
●Each pH unit represents a 10x dierence in H+ concentrations
●Buer solutions maintain a relatively constant PH when either acids
or bases are added to them
●Carbon is the element in all organic molecules
●Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but dierent
structures and properties (Example: enantiomers)
● Carboxyl and amino groups are always in amino acids.
,
, ●A Major dierence between RNA and DNA is the type of sugar
●Saturated fats contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that
consist of the same number of carbon atoms
●The components of amino acid structure varies among dierent
amino acids
